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Immortality is tantalizing close and you think it's possible within the laws of physics and biology

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Yeah, in fact, we know that there's a clock in our body called the telomers that tracks how long we're going to live and

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There's something called telomerase which stops the clock which means that we can live forever

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That's the good news, but the bad news was we found out that cancer also uses telomers and telomerase to live forever

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And so the question is can we apply that to humans without waking up the cancers

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But this is a science fiction. This is the future and for 71 years you've been studying physics and how science will shape human destiny

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So how is life likely to be different in the future? Well, decade by decade

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We see the enormous progress that we humans have made for example

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We'll probably be on the moon maybe on tomorrow's and also the artificial intelligence will help us to cure cancer and many diseases

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However, for the first time in human history

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We have the potential. I'm destroying ourselves with designer germs, nuclear weapons, perhaps artificial intelligence

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Like this is a quantum computer. This is so powerful that even the CIA is worried about the fact that these could break into any known computer

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Including banks even Bitcoin. That's right. So capitalism with banished society would come to a halt

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And what about humanoid robots? I would look seriously at the possibility of merging with them so that we don't have a civil war

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Realize that at the edge of a knife you tilt at the wrong way and there's world's war

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You tilt it the other way and there's food and luxury for everyone and it's up to us to decide which way the knife will go

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Dr. Michio Kaku I've waited a long time to ask someone these questions

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Where do you believe we came from? Do you think it's plausible that in fact we are living in a simulation

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And then is there any evidence when we look out at the stars that there is

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Non-human life out there. Okay, so first of all

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Guys, I've got a favor to ask before this episode begins

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It's the algorithm if you follow a show will deliver you the best episodes from that show very prominently in your feed

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But also it's the simple easy free thing that you can do to help us make this show better

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Thank you so so so much

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Doctor

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Michio Kaku that's right

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For anyone that isn't aware of you and your work

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And they're wondering whether they should listen to what you have to say today because they don't know your work

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And they've not gone through the the books and the interviews that you've done

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How would you describe your experience? I work in something called string theory

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Which we think is the theory that alluded Einstein for the last 30 years of his life the theory of everything

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The theory that explains the big bang the formation of stars galaxy

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Formation of the earth life. I'm a physicist working in the theory of everything

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What is the theory of everything and equation perhaps no more than one inch long

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That will allow us to quote read the mind of God

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These are Einstein's words the theory of the big bang the theory of creation itself the theory of of everything

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I want to explain this in terms that even the most sort of novice viewer can understand the theory of everything is

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Is an equation that explains everything physics?

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No, no, no everything because from physics comes chemistry comes chemistry comes biology

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And from that comes our universe is it things like gravity and space and time gravity

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light

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The nuclear force

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There are four fundamental forces of the universe. There's the gravitational force which keeps us here

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The electromagnetic force which lights up our world and the two nuclear forces

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We want a theory that explains all four you know when people watch your interviews and they read your books

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What do you think is the fundamental question that they're typically seeking to answer?

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What does it mean for me?

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What does what mean for me the physics of the future

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That is we physicists create the future. We're the ones who understand what is possible

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What is not possible and what is plausible?

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How does that affect the average person?

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And there's an element of all of us that's just trying to figure out

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How we got here where our place is in

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The universe

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Yeah, especially for people who are philosophical or religious

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They want to know what is it all mean. I mean, where did I come from? What where's the universe going?

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They want to know the answer to the big questions the question of meaning

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And that's what we physicists do

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And they want to know if we're alone in the universe. Oh, yeah, that too. That's a byproduct of what we do is look for extraterrestrial intelligence

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You've been doing this for many many decades now

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You've been studying the nature of the universe and physics. Is that a fundamental misunderstanding that you're aware of that the average person

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Still believes

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Yeah, the people think that physics is for eggheads that is just doing equations on a blackboard

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And totally divorced from the average person

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They don't realize that everything about their life

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About electricity about magnetism about the nuclear force about industry

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Everything comes from physics

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But the average person thinks that it physics is for eggheads. It's for equations. You put on a blackboard in a cartoon

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Nope, it's everywhere

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In the last couple of weeks you've been asked to do lots of interviews because

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Trump has released the UFO files that's right before we get into lots of other subjects and physics generally

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Probably start by just tackling this question head on

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Do you think that we are alone in the universe? No

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We're not alone because the galaxy has a hundred billion stars

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Of which maybe ten percent have planets that are earth-like or are similar to earth

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But the question is can they visit us?

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A Saturn 5 rocket would take 70,000 years just to reach the nearest star

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Hopskip and a jump 70,000 years

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So a civilization that could reach the earth

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Would be hundreds thousands of years more advanced than us

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So I'm a physicist we look at that

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Space warps. Is it possible that a flying saucer race could

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Create a space warp so they can visit us space warp bending space is not possible

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Well gravity bends space all the time the question is can you bend space enough

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So then you can go faster than the speed of light so you can visit the nearest star

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That's a question mark. We physicists look at that

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But we have no definite answer

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But it's it's possible

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So when these people say that you know, I had a podcast recently where two people explained to me that there's been some very

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unusual

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sightings of UAPs

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And they use this as evidence to say that aliens exist

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Mm-hmm

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Do you think those sightings are actually extra terrestrial life would you think it's just

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people hallucinating and seeing I don't know

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Light orbs and misunderstanding what they're looking at

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Well, there are three types of observations the close encounters are the first kind

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Is when you see something in the sky first kind

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Close encounters are the second kind

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Is when you have something tangible an engine

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A body a wreckage of a UAP

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That's second kind

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Close encounters are the third kind is when you actually encounter them and shake their hand

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Now where are we?

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We're at close encounters are the first kind

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Well, we see things floating in the sky, but we don't know what they are. We don't have anything tangible

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Now in science fiction

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We've captured the flying saucer. We have the aliens in a case or so what that's the movies

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We have yet to see an alien in in the laboratory. We have yet to see an alien ship

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In other words people say I saw something

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Now, what does that mean? I'm a physicist. We go where the

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We go where the observation goes and we have no observations to verify what you saw

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Except of course sensationalists who say I've seen the bodies. Okay show us

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So from the eye conclude that you don't believe

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Alien life has arrived here enough

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I'm open to the possibility 95% of the sightings we can we can

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Explain using the known laws of physics

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5% are either optical illusions or they are evidence of visitation. You can't rule that out

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So I'm open to the idea that maybe they're here now

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President Trump has released the first mountain load of 160

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encounters of alien technology we think

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But we had been yet seen a close encounter of the second kind when that happens that's the game changer

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Well, we have a piece of a UFO hardware that would that would nail into the wall right there

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It's the narrative that the US government or generally governments around the world wouldn't want the people to know

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About aliens because they're not ready for it. Do you buy that? That's the traditional

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Excuse for not revealing these things

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But the other excuse is there is a cover. It's a cover for the stealth bomber

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It's a cover for the fact that the military does experiment with aerodynamically novel forms of transport

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And so those are the reasons why the military keeps it a secret and actually lies about these things

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But now that it's leaking out Congress the president of the United States

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They're demanding these these

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Sightings to be declassified

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So we physicists now are analyzing them to see whether or not they're really real or not

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Is there any evidence when we look out at the stars that there is

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Non-human life out there is there anything that you've seen

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When you look at other planets and how they're operating that might suggest there's a different type of life there

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Oh, yeah, but there's no tangible evidence where it yet though give me one example

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Well, for example, they could look at Alpha Centauri the closest star system to the planet earth, right? How far away is the foreign half light years

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And if you take a look at the Alpha Centauri system the closest system to the earth

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you have red red stars

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That could could have life on them. We're not sure. They're not super hot

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Super large in which case it will be very difficult to get life forms off the ground

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But the point of raising is that the Milky Way galaxy our backyard has a hundred billion stars

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And the probability of life existing among those stars is on almost a hundred percent

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The question is can they reach us that means is it possible to create a space war such that you can rate the light barrier

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So that you can travel across the galaxy and visit the earth and did you say that was theoretically possible?

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It's theoretically possible. Yeah, but of course you need energy fantastic amounts of energy

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But the laws of physics do a lot for the possibility of space warps

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I mean you've seen space warps on Star Trek

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But where does Star Trek get the word space warps? It comes from physics

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I also had you telling um, I think it was Joe Rogan you were telling a story of one particular

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Star that

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In its intensity by 20 percent

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Yeah, there is a star that that oscillates. What does that mean? So it drops by about 20 percent

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So it's it's it's reducing. It's a light output by 20 percent. That's right. How often

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We don't have to wait for centuries is within a matter of a month to years

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A star that reduces frequently reduces. It's light output by 20 percent. Yeah, which is very unusual

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It's the only one we saw is what you've seen so far you explained one of the theories

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I think when you first talked about this was that a civilization might have built something around that star

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Oh, yeah, that's one of several theories that a civilization that advanced would have tremendous energy needs

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And the easiest way to get energy is by encircling the mother star with an envelope

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And the envelope then would absorb most of the energy

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In fact, that was an episode of Star Trek

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They meet a star that is totally enveloped by a metal shell the aliens left it

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Centuries ago

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But you know, it can't be ruled out the theory goes that an advanced civilization will surround it with like a metal sphere to capture its energy

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Yeah, and that would explain why we see a 20 percent reduction in the

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Light output and no they think that it's probably an orbiting an orbiting globe

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That eclipses the mother star

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Rather than envelops the mother star it simply goes around the mother star and eclipses it

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Oh, so it'd be like a big bowl that that circles the star extracting itself

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And then we cause a dip

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Because a dip in the intensity of light as far as we see it as far as we see it right because this big bowl is sometimes moving in front

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That's right exactly why couldn't it just be a planet

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Plans are not that big planets are about about one percent like Jupiter is about one percent the size of the Sun

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So the Sunlight would drop by about one or two percent if Jupiter goes in front of our Sun

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Oh, I've got you

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So this is much is huge

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You've um

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You've written a lot of books

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About the universe and physics and everything in between

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I've waited a long time to ask someone this question and it's a very broad question and the question is

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Where do you believe that we came from

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Where do you believe that life came from where where do you believe this universe came from

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Well, the universe came from the big bang the question is where did the big bang come from right

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Okay, so what is the big bang a big bag is a cosmic explosion that took place around 14 or so billion years ago

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That

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Created the expanding universe

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How do we know that happened because we have evidence of this expansion that took place

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You know 14 or so billion years ago. We see the stars moving away from us

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So think of a big balloon the big balloon with

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Points of light on the balloon and the balloon is expanding and the stars are moving away from each other

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That's what we see today not moving toward each other all the stars are moving away from each other like this fear is expanding

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And so we believe in the in the the big bang theory and we believe that the universe is expanding rather than contracting

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Expanding into what hyper space

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What's that? Well, we live in a four-dimensional universe three dimensions of space

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One dimension of time we live in a in a four-dimensional universe

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But in string theory we believe that there were 11 dimensions altogether string theory is something that you

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Came up with I came up with string field theory, which is one of the branches of string theory, right?

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And what is string theory string theory

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Says that what is a proton what is an electron?

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There's nothing but vibrations of a string

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So from a distance

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This looks like a point particle or distance. This is an electron

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But if you could magnify that we find that it's not really a point at all

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It's really a vibrating string and each vibration corresponds to a node

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So this would be a proton

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This would be an electron

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This would be a neutron. This would be a neutrino

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That's why we have so many subatomic particles

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Okay, so to simplify this in a way that I understand you're saying that at the very base layer

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Particles are the same, but they're just strings that are basically vibrating differently

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That's right and that would be the sort of foundational matter of everything that's right

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Everything is basically a vibrating string

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So when the string vibrates in this direction we call it an electron

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The vibrates in this way we call it a proton

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So why do we have so many subatomic particles? How many of them are there?

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Hundreds we've seen hundreds of subatomic particles

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And how could Mother Nature be so malicious to create a universe at the fundamental level based on hundreds of different kinds of

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Of strings vibrating in different directions

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Well, it's really just one string

225
00:16:56.160 --> 00:17:02.320
One string that can vibrate in different modes each mode is called a particle. Why does it need to be a string?

226
00:17:03.280 --> 00:17:05.280
We don't know why things are we just

227
00:17:05.520 --> 00:17:08.880
My physicist we just try to figure out the way things really are

228
00:17:09.440 --> 00:17:11.600
But if we explain why there's so many particles

229
00:17:12.800 --> 00:17:17.760
We used to think there was an electron a proton and neutron and that's it. That's it period

230
00:17:18.320 --> 00:17:19.120
Nope

231
00:17:19.120 --> 00:17:23.120
We've seen pymesons. We've seen lambda particles omega particles

232
00:17:23.280 --> 00:17:26.720
Hundreds of subatomic particles. Why do we build atom smashers?

233
00:17:27.280 --> 00:17:33.600
Outside Chicago outside Geneva huge gigantic amsmatchers smashing out of the part why

234
00:17:34.400 --> 00:17:39.440
Because then from the debris we begin to figure out these vibrations our particles

235
00:17:40.400 --> 00:17:46.720
We can categorize them we can give them names and that gives us a quote a theory of everything

236
00:17:47.840 --> 00:17:53.120
So we have what is called the standard model which explains all the subatomic particles other than gravity

237
00:17:53.920 --> 00:17:57.360
And it and we create these particles with their atom smashers

238
00:17:58.320 --> 00:18:02.720
Which is the big machines where they fire atoms at each other in in Geneva and so on around the world

239
00:18:02.720 --> 00:18:07.680
That's right. That's a large neutron collider right but now we realize that there's another octave

240
00:18:07.760 --> 00:18:11.920
There's another layer even beyond what we see with the large neutron collider

241
00:18:12.800 --> 00:18:14.640
dark matter

242
00:18:14.640 --> 00:18:18.000
Dark matter is invisible matter that surrounds the Milky Way galaxy

243
00:18:18.720 --> 00:18:25.040
And we don't know what it is. There's a Nobel Prize waiting for somebody who could figure out what dark matter is

244
00:18:25.520 --> 00:18:27.040
It's invisible matter

245
00:18:27.040 --> 00:18:30.000
It's invisible matter that surrounds the entire Milky Way galaxy

246
00:18:30.560 --> 00:18:34.640
We think that we cannot yet prove there is nothing but the next octave

247
00:18:34.960 --> 00:18:41.360
What do you mean by octave vibration then there is this would be the lowest vibration which is co-coresponsored electron

248
00:18:41.600 --> 00:18:43.760
But there are other vibrations much bigger

249
00:18:44.320 --> 00:18:46.560
And they they would correspond to a higher octave

250
00:18:46.640 --> 00:18:49.280
How do we know it's there if it's invisible well this a guess

251
00:18:49.760 --> 00:18:53.760
But it turns out that when you do the math and you look at the vibration of a string

252
00:18:54.320 --> 00:18:59.600
And you look at the higher vibrations some of them are invisible in other words they don't interact with light

253
00:19:00.240 --> 00:19:05.440
Now we know that this interacts with light before we can see it the table but these are the lowest vibrations

254
00:19:06.160 --> 00:19:08.000
Some of the higher vibrations are invisible

255
00:19:08.880 --> 00:19:13.760
And so we think that's what dark matter is I guess this will comes back to the question we're talking about the big bang

256
00:19:14.480 --> 00:19:20.560
You know scientists tend to agree that there was some kind of big bang because when you look at the universe it's expanding outward

257
00:19:20.560 --> 00:19:24.560
So one would if you rewind time at some point there was a central

258
00:19:26.160 --> 00:19:28.160
Point where something

259
00:19:28.720 --> 00:19:32.000
Where a big explosion occurred if you reverse time

260
00:19:34.800 --> 00:19:36.800
I mean it begs the question

261
00:19:37.760 --> 00:19:39.760
What caused the big bang?

262
00:19:40.320 --> 00:19:43.120
Well, we don't know but there are theories

263
00:19:43.120 --> 00:19:45.840
String theory is a theory even before the big bang

264
00:19:46.480 --> 00:19:48.480
It's a theory of everything

265
00:19:48.480 --> 00:19:53.200
The big bang in some sense is a misnomer because it disguised the fact that we're ignorant

266
00:19:53.520 --> 00:19:55.920
We're ignorant that would cause the thing to bang

267
00:19:56.720 --> 00:19:58.720
String theory there was no bang

268
00:19:59.200 --> 00:20:02.720
That is it did collapse if you go backwards in time

269
00:20:02.720 --> 00:20:06.240
It did collapse with a very small thing and then came out again it bounced

270
00:20:06.800 --> 00:20:08.000
Okay

271
00:20:08.000 --> 00:20:12.160
So we think that there could be a bubble bath of universes

272
00:20:12.160 --> 00:20:14.000
What do you mean by a bubble bath of universe?

273
00:20:14.000 --> 00:20:19.200
Our universe is a bubble of some sort and the bubble is expanding and that's called the big bang theory

274
00:20:19.200 --> 00:20:23.360
Which fits all the data but we think there are other bubbles out there

275
00:20:24.240 --> 00:20:26.240
In other words string theory

276
00:20:26.240 --> 00:20:31.600
Says that we live not just in a four-dimensional world but in a 11-dimensional world

277
00:20:32.240 --> 00:20:33.840
These other dimensions we cannot see

278
00:20:34.480 --> 00:20:38.560
But we think that the universe coexist with other universes

279
00:20:39.040 --> 00:20:40.560
There's a bubble bath

280
00:20:40.560 --> 00:20:44.320
Think of bubbles, soap bubbles floating in the vacuum

281
00:20:44.320 --> 00:20:45.600
What about bubbles?

282
00:20:45.600 --> 00:20:47.600
So when you're talking about bubbles

283
00:20:47.920 --> 00:20:49.920
You know

284
00:20:49.920 --> 00:20:51.600
Could you do that kind of like this?

285
00:20:52.720 --> 00:20:54.400
Right, okay, give me the big bang

286
00:20:55.600 --> 00:20:57.200
One of them

287
00:20:57.200 --> 00:20:58.400
All right, okay

288
00:20:58.400 --> 00:21:00.160
So let's say this is the sun

289
00:21:01.120 --> 00:21:05.040
And these are planets, asteroids, whatever

290
00:21:05.680 --> 00:21:08.320
And they're going around, they're going around the sun

291
00:21:09.280 --> 00:21:10.560
Why?

292
00:21:10.560 --> 00:21:13.040
Why are they going around the sun like that?

293
00:21:13.040 --> 00:21:14.000
Okay

294
00:21:14.000 --> 00:21:16.480
It's because this exerts gravitational force

295
00:21:17.120 --> 00:21:20.560
That is pulling these things toward toward the sun

296
00:21:21.280 --> 00:21:22.960
The earth is just one

297
00:21:22.960 --> 00:21:24.960
Asteroids are done with the other

298
00:21:24.960 --> 00:21:26.320
Saturn and Jupiter

299
00:21:26.320 --> 00:21:29.760
They're nothing but planets going around the mother star

300
00:21:30.400 --> 00:21:32.640
And so then the next question is why

301
00:21:33.440 --> 00:21:35.760
Why is it that planets are going around the sun?

302
00:21:36.320 --> 00:21:40.560
It's because the sun is warping the space around it

303
00:21:41.280 --> 00:21:43.680
Is creating a shallow depression

304
00:21:44.640 --> 00:21:47.280
Space is not flat, this is Einstein's achievement

305
00:21:47.840 --> 00:21:49.920
You go in this direction, seems flat

306
00:21:49.920 --> 00:21:52.880
You go in this direction, everything seems to be flat, right

307
00:21:52.880 --> 00:21:55.600
But no, the earth, for example, is round

308
00:21:55.600 --> 00:21:57.440
But it looks flat, but it's not

309
00:21:58.080 --> 00:22:00.560
The universe looks flat

310
00:22:00.560 --> 00:22:02.560
But it's not, it's curved

311
00:22:02.560 --> 00:22:05.200
And that's why planets go around the mother star

312
00:22:06.080 --> 00:22:10.720
Because gravity is the bi-product of the warping of space

313
00:22:10.720 --> 00:22:15.040
And that's why we are sitting on this chair right now

314
00:22:15.760 --> 00:22:17.040
Why are we here?

315
00:22:17.040 --> 00:22:19.200
How come we're not flying in outer space?

316
00:22:19.200 --> 00:22:20.800
The earth is spinning, right?

317
00:22:20.800 --> 00:22:24.400
And the earth is spinning, we should be flung out into outer space

318
00:22:24.400 --> 00:22:25.440
So how come we're here?

319
00:22:25.440 --> 00:22:26.240
Gravity

320
00:22:26.320 --> 00:22:28.240
Grab what? What is gravity though?

321
00:22:28.240 --> 00:22:29.920
That's just a word, right?

322
00:22:29.920 --> 00:22:34.080
It's just because the mass of the earth is so much greater than us that it pulls us in

323
00:22:34.080 --> 00:22:36.000
Okay, well, why is it pulling us in?

324
00:22:36.640 --> 00:22:39.760
Einstein says that the reason why the earth is pulling us in

325
00:22:40.400 --> 00:22:44.160
Is because the earth warps the space around us

326
00:22:44.160 --> 00:22:46.880
And is pushing us into the floor

327
00:22:47.520 --> 00:22:49.760
That's why the solar system works the way it does

328
00:22:49.760 --> 00:22:52.400
Because the sun grabs the planets

329
00:22:52.400 --> 00:22:55.360
And forces the planets to move in a curved line

330
00:22:56.160 --> 00:23:00.880
Because it's curved space that is causing it to move this way

331
00:23:01.520 --> 00:23:04.880
And going about to what you were saying about the bubble-buff idea

332
00:23:04.880 --> 00:23:05.600
Right

333
00:23:05.600 --> 00:23:07.920
Then the question is are there other stars?

334
00:23:07.920 --> 00:23:09.920
Yes, there are the galaxies

335
00:23:09.920 --> 00:23:12.560
There are billions and billions of planets out there

336
00:23:12.560 --> 00:23:15.200
We think that the whole shabang is curved

337
00:23:15.200 --> 00:23:18.800
We're not even in happiness on the skin of this gigantic bubble

338
00:23:19.840 --> 00:23:22.960
Now we're saying that maybe there are other bubbles out there

339
00:23:23.920 --> 00:23:24.960
A multiverse

340
00:23:25.680 --> 00:23:28.800
A multiverse of universes, parallel universes

341
00:23:28.800 --> 00:23:32.960
In fact, where multiverse has gotten into the literature

342
00:23:32.960 --> 00:23:35.440
Comic books now referred to the multiverse

343
00:23:35.440 --> 00:23:37.440
Spider-man and things like that

344
00:23:37.440 --> 00:23:39.440
So it's even part of the vernacular

345
00:23:39.440 --> 00:23:42.400
The common language of the average person

346
00:23:42.400 --> 00:23:45.040
That we believe in parallel universes

347
00:23:45.040 --> 00:23:47.920
So yeah, these parallel universes come from physics

348
00:23:48.080 --> 00:23:53.040
And the other thing that comes from physics is black holes

349
00:23:53.040 --> 00:23:54.320
That's right

350
00:23:54.320 --> 00:23:57.680
If this star becomes so massive

351
00:23:57.680 --> 00:24:00.320
That its gravity is so great

352
00:24:00.320 --> 00:24:03.280
That it pulls the entire shabang in

353
00:24:03.280 --> 00:24:06.320
Like this

354
00:24:06.320 --> 00:24:08.720
And then that would be a black hole

355
00:24:08.720 --> 00:24:14.720
And we now believe that at the center of almost every galaxy we see

356
00:24:14.720 --> 00:24:16.720
And there are trillions of galaxies

357
00:24:17.280 --> 00:24:20.640
We think that at the center of these galaxies there's a black hole

358
00:24:20.640 --> 00:24:21.840
Even all galaxies in the Milky Way

359
00:24:21.840 --> 00:24:23.440
Even our galaxy, right

360
00:24:23.440 --> 00:24:25.440
If you look in the direction of Sagittarius

361
00:24:25.440 --> 00:24:27.280
The constellation Sagittarius

362
00:24:27.280 --> 00:24:29.120
There's a black hole there

363
00:24:29.120 --> 00:24:30.960
So tonight go outside

364
00:24:30.960 --> 00:24:33.200
Look for the constellation Sagittarius

365
00:24:33.200 --> 00:24:34.560
And there's a black hole

366
00:24:34.560 --> 00:24:37.360
At the center of our own backyard

367
00:24:37.360 --> 00:24:41.280
That holds the Milky Way galaxy together

368
00:24:41.280 --> 00:24:42.880
So how did it get there?

369
00:24:42.880 --> 00:24:44.880
Well, we think that it's a remnant of the big bang

370
00:24:44.960 --> 00:24:47.680
That when the big bang was exploded

371
00:24:47.680 --> 00:24:51.680
Clusters of matter began to contract other clusters of matter

372
00:24:51.680 --> 00:24:54.960
And this is where the galaxies and the planets come from

373
00:24:54.960 --> 00:24:58.400
The condensation of the matter ejected out of the big bang

374
00:24:58.400 --> 00:25:02.960
Gives you the galaxies, the solar systems and the planets

375
00:25:02.960 --> 00:25:06.480
So if I use this as an example

376
00:25:06.480 --> 00:25:10.160
There was the big bang and all the pieces flew everywhere

377
00:25:10.160 --> 00:25:13.840
And then because of gravity the pieces came together

378
00:25:13.840 --> 00:25:18.480
And they got so so so big so much mass

379
00:25:18.480 --> 00:25:20.640
That they collapsed inwards

380
00:25:20.640 --> 00:25:23.200
We're not sure exactly which came first

381
00:25:23.200 --> 00:25:26.080
The galaxy came first or the black hole came first

382
00:25:26.080 --> 00:25:30.160
But let's assume for the moment that the black hole came first

383
00:25:30.160 --> 00:25:34.160
Gas concentrated into a small area called the black hole

384
00:25:34.160 --> 00:25:39.440
And then it drew all the other stars in galaxy around it

385
00:25:39.440 --> 00:25:41.520
To create the Milky Way galaxy

386
00:25:41.600 --> 00:25:44.880
We're not sure but that's one possibility of where it came from

387
00:25:44.880 --> 00:25:46.720
And where did that come from?

388
00:25:46.720 --> 00:25:50.320
That in turn came from the explosion that created the universe

389
00:25:50.320 --> 00:25:52.880
Roughly 14 billion years ago

390
00:25:52.880 --> 00:25:56.720
Am I right in thinking black holes they are extremely dense

391
00:25:56.720 --> 00:25:59.760
Like areas of matter and if you were to go near one

392
00:25:59.760 --> 00:26:01.600
Everything that goes near it gets sucked in

393
00:26:01.600 --> 00:26:03.840
That's right and you never get out again

394
00:26:03.840 --> 00:26:08.960
If this is a black hole there is a ring or a sphere surrounding it

395
00:26:09.040 --> 00:26:10.800
A point of no return

396
00:26:10.800 --> 00:26:14.560
You go towards the black hole and you pass this this ring

397
00:26:15.520 --> 00:26:19.040
And then you go into the black hole never to be seen again

398
00:26:19.040 --> 00:26:20.320
It's a point of no return

399
00:26:20.320 --> 00:26:21.600
How do we know that?

400
00:26:21.600 --> 00:26:25.920
Well we've never seen it happen but we can calculate the escape velocity

401
00:26:25.920 --> 00:26:27.680
In other words if you want to leave the earth

402
00:26:27.680 --> 00:26:30.400
How fast do you have to move to leave the earth?

403
00:26:30.400 --> 00:26:32.640
Seven miles per second

404
00:26:32.640 --> 00:26:37.040
Our astronauts travel seven miles per second to reach the moon

405
00:26:37.520 --> 00:26:39.520
That's called escape velocity

406
00:26:39.520 --> 00:26:43.360
So every gravitating piece of matter has an escape velocity

407
00:26:43.360 --> 00:26:46.000
For the earth is seven miles per second

408
00:26:46.000 --> 00:26:50.560
What about the escape velocity of a black hole?

409
00:26:50.560 --> 00:26:52.560
It's a speed of light

410
00:26:53.360 --> 00:26:57.360
That's why if you fall through the event horizon of a black hole

411
00:26:57.360 --> 00:26:58.560
You never come out

412
00:26:58.560 --> 00:27:01.200
Because otherwise you would have to go faster than the speed of light

413
00:27:01.200 --> 00:27:02.160
Which is not possible

414
00:27:03.040 --> 00:27:05.680
So you go in but you never come out

415
00:27:05.680 --> 00:27:07.760
That's why it's called black holes

416
00:27:07.760 --> 00:27:08.320
What's in there?

417
00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:12.240
If you knew you'd win a Nobel Prize

418
00:27:13.600 --> 00:27:16.400
This area has loads and loads of mass inside it

419
00:27:16.400 --> 00:27:17.680
It's sucking things into it

420
00:27:18.480 --> 00:27:20.640
So one would assume that there was a lot inside there

421
00:27:20.640 --> 00:27:22.000
But it's tiny right?

422
00:27:22.000 --> 00:27:22.960
Black holes are tiny

423
00:27:23.520 --> 00:27:24.720
We don't know how big they are

424
00:27:24.720 --> 00:27:27.520
We think at the very center it could be very small

425
00:27:27.520 --> 00:27:28.320
We're not sure

426
00:27:29.120 --> 00:27:30.560
No one's ever been there

427
00:27:30.560 --> 00:27:32.480
Because if you go past the event horizon

428
00:27:32.480 --> 00:27:33.760
You never come out again

429
00:27:33.760 --> 00:27:35.440
What do people think is inside a black hole

430
00:27:35.440 --> 00:27:38.400
Because I'm thinking of it's just this area in space

431
00:27:38.400 --> 00:27:40.320
That looks black on a when you look at it

432
00:27:41.040 --> 00:27:43.680
And think it can suck in planets

433
00:27:44.720 --> 00:27:45.200
Anything

434
00:27:46.080 --> 00:27:47.680
If I were to take a guess

435
00:27:47.680 --> 00:27:49.680
I would say that it's an entrance

436
00:27:50.640 --> 00:27:51.440
It's a gateway

437
00:27:52.400 --> 00:27:54.640
Perhaps to another universe

438
00:27:55.920 --> 00:27:57.120
We think for example

439
00:27:57.120 --> 00:28:00.800
If I have a warp space and you fall into warp space

440
00:28:01.760 --> 00:28:04.800
If the warp space is powerful enough

441
00:28:04.800 --> 00:28:06.960
It may come out again on the other side

442
00:28:08.000 --> 00:28:12.320
So there may be another universe on the other side of a black hole

443
00:28:12.320 --> 00:28:13.760
We're not we're not sure of course

444
00:28:14.320 --> 00:28:16.240
If you want to go to Alpha Centaurin

445
00:28:16.240 --> 00:28:18.480
With a Saturn V rocket

446
00:28:18.480 --> 00:28:21.600
It would take 70,000 years

447
00:28:21.600 --> 00:28:23.520
To reach the nearest star

448
00:28:23.520 --> 00:28:25.680
With our most powerful rocket

449
00:28:26.160 --> 00:28:27.200
Perim practical

450
00:28:27.920 --> 00:28:28.960
You need a shortcut

451
00:28:29.920 --> 00:28:33.760
And that's that's the gateway called a wormhole

452
00:28:33.760 --> 00:28:35.360
Which is very similar to a black hole

453
00:28:35.360 --> 00:28:36.560
A little bit different

454
00:28:36.560 --> 00:28:37.840
But very similar

455
00:28:37.840 --> 00:28:40.000
How long have you been studying physics in the universe now?

456
00:28:41.440 --> 00:28:44.160
Since I was eight years old

457
00:28:44.160 --> 00:28:45.840
I've been studying the universe

458
00:28:45.840 --> 00:28:46.800
71 years

459
00:28:47.440 --> 00:28:50.160
Yeah when I was eight years old

460
00:28:50.160 --> 00:28:52.480
A great scientist had just died

461
00:28:53.040 --> 00:28:54.640
It was in all the newspapers

462
00:28:55.360 --> 00:28:57.760
And the newspaper said that he failed

463
00:28:58.400 --> 00:29:00.320
On his last try

464
00:29:01.200 --> 00:29:02.720
To create a theory of everything

465
00:29:03.440 --> 00:29:05.520
So I was fascinated by this idea

466
00:29:05.520 --> 00:29:09.200
That his man was attempting to find the final theory

467
00:29:09.200 --> 00:29:10.400
You're talking about Einstein

468
00:29:10.400 --> 00:29:10.960
That's right

469
00:29:10.960 --> 00:29:13.600
Later I found out the man's name was Albert Einstein

470
00:29:14.160 --> 00:29:16.080
And at that point he said to myself

471
00:29:16.080 --> 00:29:17.600
That's for me

472
00:29:17.600 --> 00:29:19.360
That's what I want to work on

473
00:29:19.360 --> 00:29:22.000
I want to be part of this great journey

474
00:29:22.000 --> 00:29:26.160
To complete Einstein's dream of a theory of everything

475
00:29:26.160 --> 00:29:27.760
And that's what I do for a living

476
00:29:27.760 --> 00:29:29.200
I work with Einstein's equations

477
00:29:30.000 --> 00:29:32.400
So for 71 years you've been

478
00:29:32.400 --> 00:29:35.040
Trying to understand the universe and create this theory for everything

479
00:29:35.920 --> 00:29:37.040
In that time

480
00:29:37.040 --> 00:29:38.800
How is your perspective on

481
00:29:40.080 --> 00:29:42.080
God

482
00:29:42.080 --> 00:29:44.080
Developed

483
00:29:44.080 --> 00:29:45.280
Yes

484
00:29:45.280 --> 00:29:46.960
Most of my family were Buddhists

485
00:29:48.400 --> 00:29:50.400
Coming from Japan

486
00:29:50.960 --> 00:29:52.800
But my father was a Christian

487
00:29:53.680 --> 00:29:55.360
And put me in Sunday school

488
00:29:56.480 --> 00:30:00.160
So I had the benefit of two religions as a child

489
00:30:01.040 --> 00:30:02.080
Now I'm a physicist

490
00:30:03.120 --> 00:30:05.520
And physicists are, quote, agnostic

491
00:30:05.520 --> 00:30:06.720
They don't take a position

492
00:30:07.280 --> 00:30:10.480
They simply go where the physics takes them

493
00:30:10.480 --> 00:30:14.000
Into areas that are distasteful, mysterious

494
00:30:14.000 --> 00:30:14.960
Whatever

495
00:30:14.960 --> 00:30:17.280
You go where the evidence goes

496
00:30:17.280 --> 00:30:18.640
And that's what I am today

497
00:30:19.600 --> 00:30:21.600
In other words, we have the laws of physics

498
00:30:21.600 --> 00:30:22.880
We have string theory

499
00:30:22.880 --> 00:30:24.880
Which takes us to the instant of the Big Bang

500
00:30:24.880 --> 00:30:26.160
It even before

501
00:30:26.160 --> 00:30:28.240
Even before the creation of the universe

502
00:30:28.240 --> 00:30:29.920
But then the next question is

503
00:30:29.920 --> 00:30:31.840
Where does string theory come from

504
00:30:32.560 --> 00:30:33.360
Okay

505
00:30:33.360 --> 00:30:37.840
At that point we have to say that that's where our ignorance takes over

506
00:30:37.840 --> 00:30:38.880
We simply don't know

507
00:30:39.680 --> 00:30:41.200
What about simulation theory

508
00:30:42.960 --> 00:30:44.640
Do you think it's plausible

509
00:30:44.640 --> 00:30:46.800
That in fact we are living in a simulation

510
00:30:48.000 --> 00:30:50.400
I would say the answer is probably no

511
00:30:50.400 --> 00:30:51.280
Probably no

512
00:30:51.280 --> 00:30:52.240
That's right

513
00:30:52.320 --> 00:30:54.640
Simulation theory is basically

514
00:30:55.840 --> 00:30:57.760
Saying that the universe is a puppet show

515
00:30:58.560 --> 00:30:59.600
And there's a script

516
00:31:00.160 --> 00:31:02.160
We're we're living out the script

517
00:31:02.160 --> 00:31:04.160
Because someone is pulling our strings

518
00:31:04.640 --> 00:31:06.640
First of all that violates quantum theory

519
00:31:07.360 --> 00:31:09.360
Quantum theory believes in our probabilities

520
00:31:10.080 --> 00:31:12.800
Probabilities that I'm sitting here today

521
00:31:13.040 --> 00:31:15.840
Probabilities that maybe one day I'll go into outer space

522
00:31:16.480 --> 00:31:19.520
We can calculate the probabilities of atomic events

523
00:31:19.600 --> 00:31:22.320
Chemical events with accuracy that is incredible

524
00:31:23.360 --> 00:31:25.840
But simulation theory is not one of them

525
00:31:26.640 --> 00:31:31.120
The theory which was proposed by philosopher Nick Bostrom

526
00:31:31.120 --> 00:31:34.560
Says that there's three possibilities logically

527
00:31:34.560 --> 00:31:36.160
either number one

528
00:31:36.160 --> 00:31:40.160
That human-like civilizations always destroy themselves

529
00:31:40.160 --> 00:31:44.800
Before they get to the point where they can do advanced hyper realistic simulations

530
00:31:45.440 --> 00:31:47.120
And if you think about things like

531
00:31:47.200 --> 00:31:49.600
I know virtual reality at the moment or video games

532
00:31:49.600 --> 00:31:51.200
And you imagine them on a spectrum

533
00:31:51.200 --> 00:31:53.280
If they just get one percent better a year

534
00:31:53.280 --> 00:31:55.120
At some point they are indistinguishable

535
00:31:55.120 --> 00:31:57.280
From this reality that we're experiencing now

536
00:31:58.000 --> 00:32:00.080
So theory one we wipe ourselves out

537
00:32:00.080 --> 00:32:02.560
Before we get to the point where we're advanced enough

538
00:32:02.560 --> 00:32:03.920
In hyper realistic simulations

539
00:32:03.920 --> 00:32:06.080
Theory number two or possibility number two

540
00:32:06.640 --> 00:32:10.000
Is that advanced civilizations do exist

541
00:32:10.000 --> 00:32:12.640
But they have zero interest in simulating their ancestors

542
00:32:12.640 --> 00:32:13.600
Which would be us

543
00:32:13.680 --> 00:32:16.160
Or theory number three is that we are simulation

544
00:32:16.160 --> 00:32:20.320
And civilizations do survive and they do run millions of simulations

545
00:32:20.320 --> 00:32:23.360
Because there would be millions of fake universes

546
00:32:23.360 --> 00:32:26.400
And only one can be base reality in this scenario

547
00:32:26.400 --> 00:32:28.400
And the mathematical odds are incredibly high

548
00:32:28.400 --> 00:32:30.720
That we are currently living inside one of those simulations

549
00:32:30.720 --> 00:32:31.920
And not in base reality

550
00:32:32.800 --> 00:32:34.960
Well my personal point of view is

551
00:32:34.960 --> 00:32:36.320
There's option four

552
00:32:36.960 --> 00:32:37.920
That you don't mention

553
00:32:38.560 --> 00:32:41.840
And option four is that there is no simulation at all

554
00:32:42.400 --> 00:32:45.440
That all this talk is nothing but fairy tales

555
00:32:45.440 --> 00:32:47.440
Fairy tales that we tell our children

556
00:32:47.440 --> 00:32:49.360
To amaze them about the universe

557
00:32:49.920 --> 00:32:52.400
But you see the universe is based on our probabilities

558
00:32:53.040 --> 00:32:56.720
Probabilities that uranium will fire for example

559
00:32:56.720 --> 00:32:58.400
Which gives us nuclear weapons

560
00:32:59.040 --> 00:33:02.320
Probability that hydrogen can fuse and that gives us stars

561
00:33:03.120 --> 00:33:05.600
So the universe is based on our probabilities

562
00:33:06.240 --> 00:33:07.680
Not on simulations

563
00:33:08.480 --> 00:33:10.320
Do you think what we're seeing

564
00:33:10.400 --> 00:33:11.680
This is a strange question to ask

565
00:33:11.680 --> 00:33:14.800
Because again, there's so many definitions within it

566
00:33:14.800 --> 00:33:16.880
But do you think what we're seeing is real

567
00:33:16.880 --> 00:33:18.400
Like do you think this is

568
00:33:18.400 --> 00:33:20.240
You know because people do psychedelic drugs

569
00:33:20.240 --> 00:33:22.240
And I hear about things like DMT

570
00:33:22.240 --> 00:33:24.160
You inhale a little bit of smoke

571
00:33:24.160 --> 00:33:25.600
And suddenly everything you see

572
00:33:26.320 --> 00:33:27.040
Is different

573
00:33:27.040 --> 00:33:29.200
And you meet people talk about how they've met

574
00:33:29.760 --> 00:33:33.600
Other types of life when they've taken an inhale of DMT

575
00:33:33.600 --> 00:33:36.080
They've interacted with some type of other life form

576
00:33:37.040 --> 00:33:41.600
So I guess all this is to say that if our perceived reality is that fragile

577
00:33:41.600 --> 00:33:44.080
Where we inhale one of smoke

578
00:33:44.080 --> 00:33:46.640
And suddenly we're amongst a different life form

579
00:33:47.360 --> 00:33:49.200
Then it makes us question whether this

580
00:33:50.640 --> 00:33:52.640
Is real at all

581
00:33:52.640 --> 00:33:55.120
And also like I just to extend it a little bit further

582
00:33:55.120 --> 00:33:56.880
If one inhalation of smoke

583
00:33:57.600 --> 00:34:00.240
And I guess you can think about that as a bunch of small particles

584
00:34:00.800 --> 00:34:02.480
Can interrupt something in my brain

585
00:34:03.120 --> 00:34:06.080
That causes me to believe that I'm in a different universe

586
00:34:06.880 --> 00:34:08.640
Then doesn't that prove

587
00:34:09.440 --> 00:34:11.040
That my reality is just

588
00:34:11.920 --> 00:34:15.520
The projection of a very fragile small amount of particles

589
00:34:15.520 --> 00:34:17.040
That are right now lined up

590
00:34:17.040 --> 00:34:18.560
So that I see you and this

591
00:34:20.080 --> 00:34:22.640
Well I think the answer to that is that

592
00:34:22.640 --> 00:34:24.800
What you consider to be reality

593
00:34:26.000 --> 00:34:28.400
Is really a partial fiction

594
00:34:29.360 --> 00:34:35.040
That your senses are limited by what your senses can retrieve from the outside world

595
00:34:35.600 --> 00:34:39.040
But it's only a teeny-weeny little fraction of what actually exists

596
00:34:39.760 --> 00:34:42.640
Look at the electromagnetic spectrum of light for example

597
00:34:43.120 --> 00:34:47.840
You can't see all the ultraviolet radiation, the infrared, x-rays

598
00:34:48.400 --> 00:34:51.280
This room is full of realities that you can't see

599
00:34:52.160 --> 00:34:55.280
Most of what you see is a fragment

600
00:34:55.360 --> 00:34:58.720
A teeny-incy-weensy little fragment of reality

601
00:34:59.040 --> 00:35:00.800
You can't see cosmic rays

602
00:35:00.800 --> 00:35:02.640
You can't see ultraviolet radiation

603
00:35:03.200 --> 00:35:06.720
So what I'm trying to tell you is that you live in an illusion

604
00:35:07.360 --> 00:35:09.200
It's a good illusion for survival

605
00:35:09.520 --> 00:35:13.760
But in terms of being able to see the full spectrum of reality as it exists

606
00:35:13.760 --> 00:35:15.520
No, there's no way

607
00:35:16.240 --> 00:35:19.920
So you think reality is everything

608
00:35:19.920 --> 00:35:20.640
Nope

609
00:35:20.640 --> 00:35:24.960
It's only a tiny tiny incy-weensy little fragment of reality

610
00:35:25.040 --> 00:35:26.880
And then talking about this reality

611
00:35:27.600 --> 00:35:30.720
That's a fantasy on top of a fantasy

612
00:35:31.360 --> 00:35:35.520
The first fantasy is that you think that what you see is real and everything

613
00:35:35.520 --> 00:35:37.040
That's the first fantasy

614
00:35:37.040 --> 00:35:40.960
The second fantasy is there's a fantasy within the first fantasy

615
00:35:41.600 --> 00:35:44.480
So you're you're going layer upon layer of fantasies

616
00:35:44.960 --> 00:35:46.800
Now let me give you another example

617
00:35:46.800 --> 00:35:49.680
Let's say you hear rustling in the forest

618
00:35:49.680 --> 00:35:50.960
You think it's a tiger there

619
00:35:51.920 --> 00:35:55.120
Nine times out of ten there's no tiger there

620
00:35:55.760 --> 00:35:59.680
But how come your senses are constantly alerting you to the tiger

621
00:36:00.240 --> 00:36:01.520
And that is evolution

622
00:36:02.640 --> 00:36:06.960
Evolution gives you the ability to see things that are not really there at all

623
00:36:07.760 --> 00:36:09.760
Because it's good for survival

624
00:36:09.760 --> 00:36:13.360
One time there is a tiger and it saves your butt

625
00:36:14.000 --> 00:36:15.760
In other words why are we here today

626
00:36:16.400 --> 00:36:18.960
We're here today because our senses are overactive

627
00:36:19.520 --> 00:36:21.280
Our senses think this is a lion

628
00:36:21.280 --> 00:36:24.160
There's a tiger there where there's no liner tiger there at all

629
00:36:24.160 --> 00:36:26.160
But it was good for our survival

630
00:36:26.800 --> 00:36:31.120
Okay, so our senses are only necessary for our survival

631
00:36:31.760 --> 00:36:33.520
That's what we cannot see infrared

632
00:36:33.520 --> 00:36:35.200
We cannot see ultraviolet

633
00:36:35.200 --> 00:36:37.840
We cannot see the whole spectrum of reality

634
00:36:37.840 --> 00:36:40.160
Radio everything we can't see at all

635
00:36:40.160 --> 00:36:44.080
Because it was not necessary for our survival

636
00:36:44.080 --> 00:36:47.680
Why does life matter in the universe

637
00:36:47.680 --> 00:36:49.920
Like what what function does life have in the universe

638
00:36:50.720 --> 00:36:53.680
I think we create our own meaning individually

639
00:36:53.680 --> 00:36:57.280
But one I think there's no universal meaning for life in general

640
00:36:57.280 --> 00:37:00.320
But I think each of us create our own meaning

641
00:37:01.280 --> 00:37:04.080
I was saying this because you were talking about you know survival

642
00:37:04.080 --> 00:37:07.360
And I was just wondering if there was some universal reason why survival is so

643
00:37:08.320 --> 00:37:10.000
Important to the universe

644
00:37:11.040 --> 00:37:14.720
Survival is important for the universe because we survival writes history

645
00:37:15.280 --> 00:37:17.840
If there's no survival there's nothing to write

646
00:37:17.840 --> 00:37:21.600
There's no memories, there's no stories to tell

647
00:37:21.600 --> 00:37:22.400
Nothing

648
00:37:22.400 --> 00:37:23.760
There's just the vacuum of space

649
00:37:24.560 --> 00:37:26.800
I was also asking that I guess because you were saying how

650
00:37:27.520 --> 00:37:30.000
We only see one version of reality

651
00:37:30.960 --> 00:37:34.400
And so one would assume therefore that there's another version of reality that we can't even see

652
00:37:34.400 --> 00:37:36.400
I mean, I've heard this before from physicists

653
00:37:36.640 --> 00:37:38.560
You know, if you just think about different animals

654
00:37:39.280 --> 00:37:43.120
The bat sees a different version of reality to the whale

655
00:37:43.200 --> 00:37:44.480
Like sonar for example

656
00:37:44.480 --> 00:37:45.920
Sonar for example

657
00:37:45.920 --> 00:37:49.920
Even my dog my dog seems to see a completely different version of reality than the one I see

658
00:37:49.920 --> 00:37:51.600
It smells much better than you

659
00:37:51.600 --> 00:37:55.520
All factory nerves of a dog are infinitely better than our

660
00:37:55.520 --> 00:37:57.520
All factory nerves in our nose

661
00:37:57.520 --> 00:37:58.880
They have a different reality

662
00:37:58.880 --> 00:38:00.880
I guess the biggest question like what is all of this then

663
00:38:02.640 --> 00:38:04.400
We're talking about the meaning of life

664
00:38:04.400 --> 00:38:06.880
For which I had no answer sorry about that

665
00:38:06.880 --> 00:38:09.200
I guess that was what I was asking but I wasn't asking

666
00:38:09.200 --> 00:38:10.560
That wasn't what I was intent on asking

667
00:38:10.560 --> 00:38:13.040
But that's the base question which is what's the point

668
00:38:14.240 --> 00:38:16.160
I'm not even sure if the universe has a point

669
00:38:16.720 --> 00:38:19.760
But my personal attitude is we create our own point

670
00:38:19.760 --> 00:38:22.320
We create our own world

671
00:38:22.320 --> 00:38:24.560
And meaning within that world

672
00:38:24.560 --> 00:38:27.200
It could be different from another person's meaning

673
00:38:27.200 --> 00:38:28.640
And understanding in the world

674
00:38:28.640 --> 00:38:29.760
But it's good enough for me

675
00:38:30.480 --> 00:38:32.000
What do you think of the um

676
00:38:32.000 --> 00:38:34.560
Humans sort of proclivity to imagine a god

677
00:38:35.200 --> 00:38:38.400
And to assign meaning and morality to that god and say well, you know

678
00:38:38.800 --> 00:38:42.320
Because we do have this we do live with this kind of god shaped hole

679
00:38:42.320 --> 00:38:44.800
In our lives where we don't really know where we came from

680
00:38:44.800 --> 00:38:46.320
We don't know what the point is

681
00:38:46.320 --> 00:38:48.080
So I understand why it's tempting to say

682
00:38:48.880 --> 00:38:51.440
This book that someone wrote once upon a time that says

683
00:38:52.160 --> 00:38:54.880
This person this thing created us

684
00:38:54.880 --> 00:38:56.320
And these are the rules

685
00:38:56.320 --> 00:38:58.800
And this is what good is this is what bad is

686
00:38:58.800 --> 00:39:00.640
This is what we get if we follow the rules

687
00:39:01.360 --> 00:39:02.720
You know as humans we want that

688
00:39:03.360 --> 00:39:05.200
Yes and I think there's a reason for that

689
00:39:05.200 --> 00:39:07.040
And the answer is evolution

690
00:39:07.120 --> 00:39:08.560
What holds animals together

691
00:39:09.360 --> 00:39:10.880
The alpha male

692
00:39:10.880 --> 00:39:12.080
The top dog

693
00:39:12.080 --> 00:39:15.840
As humans became more intelligent over millions of years

694
00:39:16.640 --> 00:39:18.160
Humans bicker

695
00:39:18.160 --> 00:39:19.120
We argue

696
00:39:19.120 --> 00:39:20.640
We challenge the leader

697
00:39:21.440 --> 00:39:23.200
And then tribes would fall apart

698
00:39:24.000 --> 00:39:26.400
Because you need some glue

699
00:39:26.400 --> 00:39:28.160
You need some glue to hold it together

700
00:39:28.720 --> 00:39:31.760
And if everyone becomes intelligent uniformly

701
00:39:31.760 --> 00:39:33.280
There's no glue anymore

702
00:39:33.280 --> 00:39:34.320
Everyone bickers

703
00:39:34.320 --> 00:39:34.960
I'm the leader

704
00:39:34.960 --> 00:39:35.680
No, I'm the leader

705
00:39:35.680 --> 00:39:36.880
So on and so forth

706
00:39:36.880 --> 00:39:39.200
So what happens is one person comes up and says

707
00:39:39.200 --> 00:39:40.160
I'm stronger than you

708
00:39:40.800 --> 00:39:43.200
And I talk to somebody even stronger than me

709
00:39:44.160 --> 00:39:44.800
God

710
00:39:45.600 --> 00:39:47.360
And if you disobey me

711
00:39:47.360 --> 00:39:49.200
Then God will strike you down

712
00:39:49.760 --> 00:39:51.360
In other words, God is a glue

713
00:39:52.320 --> 00:39:55.520
God is a glue that holds sentient beings together

714
00:39:56.400 --> 00:39:58.880
When there's no reason to hold them together anymore

715
00:39:58.880 --> 00:39:59.840
And they bicker

716
00:39:59.840 --> 00:40:01.520
And then the tribe falls apart

717
00:40:02.240 --> 00:40:04.320
What holds the tribe together

718
00:40:05.040 --> 00:40:05.840
God

719
00:40:05.840 --> 00:40:07.200
Who is God?

720
00:40:07.200 --> 00:40:08.400
Well, God is not here

721
00:40:08.400 --> 00:40:11.280
But the Son of God is here

722
00:40:11.280 --> 00:40:12.800
And the Son of God says

723
00:40:12.800 --> 00:40:15.120
You got to do this, you got to do this, you got to do this

724
00:40:15.120 --> 00:40:16.720
And you got to obey me

725
00:40:16.720 --> 00:40:17.280
Why?

726
00:40:17.280 --> 00:40:18.800
Because I'm the messenger

727
00:40:18.800 --> 00:40:20.400
I'm the Son of God

728
00:40:20.400 --> 00:40:23.440
So I think religion has a definite purpose

729
00:40:24.160 --> 00:40:25.840
The purpose of religion is a glue

730
00:40:25.840 --> 00:40:29.200
To hold sentient and intelligent beings together

731
00:40:30.000 --> 00:40:31.520
What do you think consciousness is?

732
00:40:32.320 --> 00:40:35.120
Consciousness, I think, is a question of awareness

733
00:40:35.120 --> 00:40:38.640
The ability to create ideas about

734
00:40:39.200 --> 00:40:40.400
You know, why

735
00:40:40.400 --> 00:40:41.680
I mean, what does it mean?

736
00:40:41.680 --> 00:40:43.680
Meaning to give meaning to things

737
00:40:44.160 --> 00:40:45.760
Otherwise, things become meaningless

738
00:40:46.880 --> 00:40:49.200
So I think that's the purpose of consciousness

739
00:40:49.200 --> 00:40:51.600
Is to give us an awareness of meaning

740
00:40:52.560 --> 00:40:55.680
Do you think these big questions will ever be answered

741
00:40:55.680 --> 00:40:57.280
Around like where we came from

742
00:40:57.280 --> 00:40:58.160
What the point is

743
00:40:58.160 --> 00:41:00.240
Do you think we'll ever have answers to these things?

744
00:41:00.240 --> 00:41:00.960
Probably not

745
00:41:01.600 --> 00:41:04.400
However, we have this instinctive urge

746
00:41:04.400 --> 00:41:06.560
To explore

747
00:41:07.360 --> 00:41:10.000
To look for new territories and new ideas

748
00:41:10.560 --> 00:41:13.120
And that is what I think keeps us going

749
00:41:13.120 --> 00:41:14.400
Animals do not have that

750
00:41:14.960 --> 00:41:17.120
You can't tell a dog, aren't you thrilled

751
00:41:17.120 --> 00:41:18.640
Of that we're going through this new

752
00:41:18.640 --> 00:41:20.560
New house, this new whatever, right

753
00:41:20.560 --> 00:41:21.680
And dog says

754
00:41:21.680 --> 00:41:23.440
No, just give me my dinner

755
00:41:24.320 --> 00:41:26.080
So I think that humans are different

756
00:41:26.800 --> 00:41:29.040
The purpose of the front part of our brain

757
00:41:29.040 --> 00:41:30.560
It's a rebel cortex

758
00:41:30.560 --> 00:41:32.080
That holds us together

759
00:41:32.080 --> 00:41:33.120
It's a time machine

760
00:41:34.160 --> 00:41:35.520
It asks the question

761
00:41:35.520 --> 00:41:37.120
What's going to happen in the future?

762
00:41:37.760 --> 00:41:38.720
If you don't believe me

763
00:41:38.720 --> 00:41:39.840
Go to your dog tonight

764
00:41:40.640 --> 00:41:42.080
And ask your dog

765
00:41:42.080 --> 00:41:43.440
What did he do last night?

766
00:41:45.360 --> 00:41:46.960
And the dog will just bark

767
00:41:48.160 --> 00:41:50.160
No interest in what happened

768
00:41:50.160 --> 00:41:52.160
Yesterday, it was happened tomorrow

769
00:41:52.880 --> 00:41:55.440
We constantly think about the future

770
00:41:55.440 --> 00:41:56.240
We can't help it

771
00:41:56.960 --> 00:41:59.600
We are constantly thinking about what's for dinner tomorrow

772
00:41:59.600 --> 00:42:01.600
Who's my friend, who's my enemy

773
00:42:01.600 --> 00:42:03.280
What's going to, what am I going to do next year

774
00:42:03.280 --> 00:42:04.560
What college do I'm going to go to?

775
00:42:05.200 --> 00:42:07.680
We are obsessed with the future

776
00:42:08.800 --> 00:42:12.160
That's what separates us from the animal kingdom

777
00:42:12.160 --> 00:42:15.040
Animals do not care about the future

778
00:42:15.040 --> 00:42:16.400
They just care about survival

779
00:42:17.040 --> 00:42:20.400
We are the other hand are obsessed with the future

780
00:42:20.400 --> 00:42:22.720
Because that's where our survival lies

781
00:42:22.720 --> 00:42:24.240
And why is that?

782
00:42:24.240 --> 00:42:26.480
Because we don't have claws

783
00:42:26.480 --> 00:42:28.480
We don't have fangs

784
00:42:28.480 --> 00:42:30.000
We don't have huge muscles

785
00:42:30.000 --> 00:42:31.280
We can't run very fast

786
00:42:31.280 --> 00:42:32.240
We can't fly

787
00:42:32.880 --> 00:42:34.080
We're not like the animals

788
00:42:34.960 --> 00:42:38.320
We are dependent upon the front part of our brain

789
00:42:39.280 --> 00:42:42.960
And that's what we ask these questions that you just asked

790
00:42:42.960 --> 00:42:44.880
Why are you asking these questions?

791
00:42:44.880 --> 00:42:47.040
Because your program to ask these questions

792
00:42:47.600 --> 00:42:48.480
Animals are not

793
00:42:49.600 --> 00:42:51.920
I mean, on the subject of intelligence

794
00:42:52.080 --> 00:42:54.720
There is now new types of intelligence

795
00:42:54.720 --> 00:42:55.360
Amongst us

796
00:42:55.360 --> 00:42:58.000
One of them is referred to as artificial intelligence

797
00:42:59.040 --> 00:43:01.520
Which is actually modeled on how the brain works

798
00:43:01.520 --> 00:43:03.760
You know, I've sat here with some of the experts in AI

799
00:43:03.760 --> 00:43:06.080
And they've told me that they learned a lot about the human brain

800
00:43:07.120 --> 00:43:08.320
And how it reasons

801
00:43:09.040 --> 00:43:12.080
And how it processes information

802
00:43:12.080 --> 00:43:14.320
With these neural nets as they call it

803
00:43:14.320 --> 00:43:18.160
Which is a concept that has been inspired by the brain

804
00:43:18.800 --> 00:43:21.680
And with that they've started to build these very intelligent machines

805
00:43:22.080 --> 00:43:23.600
Which a lot of people are now using

806
00:43:23.600 --> 00:43:25.680
In terms of large language models like traction BT

807
00:43:25.680 --> 00:43:29.200
But we're going further and further into the world of artificial intelligence

808
00:43:29.200 --> 00:43:29.440
So

809
00:43:30.240 --> 00:43:32.160
I mean, one would reason that

810
00:43:32.160 --> 00:43:33.840
The future looks very very different

811
00:43:33.840 --> 00:43:36.000
Because of this new type of intelligence

812
00:43:36.000 --> 00:43:37.040
And that it's going to accelerate

813
00:43:37.040 --> 00:43:38.400
Maybe a lot of the discoveries

814
00:43:38.400 --> 00:43:40.880
And you know, that we've pondered about today

815
00:43:41.360 --> 00:43:43.040
But also that it's going to change life as we know it

816
00:43:43.040 --> 00:43:44.880
And I mean some people even think that

817
00:43:44.880 --> 00:43:47.760
Human life won't be the dominant form of intelligence

818
00:43:48.480 --> 00:43:49.360
In such a world

819
00:43:50.800 --> 00:43:51.600
What do you think?

820
00:43:51.680 --> 00:43:53.680
Yes, I think that is a definite problem

821
00:43:53.680 --> 00:43:56.480
Right now, I think a lot of our robots

822
00:43:56.480 --> 00:43:58.400
Have the intelligence of a bug

823
00:43:59.120 --> 00:43:59.760
An insect

824
00:44:00.480 --> 00:44:04.640
They don't plan, they can't articulate their thoughts and so and so forth

825
00:44:04.640 --> 00:44:06.480
But they carry out orders very well

826
00:44:07.280 --> 00:44:11.200
But eventually it's only a matter of time before they become as smart as a mouse

827
00:44:12.160 --> 00:44:13.440
Then as smart as a rabbit

828
00:44:14.240 --> 00:44:16.080
Then as smart as a dog or a cat

829
00:44:16.720 --> 00:44:18.400
And finally as smart as a monkey

830
00:44:19.280 --> 00:44:22.080
At that point, they are potentially dangerous

831
00:44:23.120 --> 00:44:24.640
The AI models though

832
00:44:24.640 --> 00:44:26.640
That are available now are

833
00:44:26.640 --> 00:44:27.680
PhD level

834
00:44:28.400 --> 00:44:29.600
In terms of intelligence

835
00:44:30.400 --> 00:44:33.600
And no, you cannot talk PhD physics with them

836
00:44:34.320 --> 00:44:35.680
They're programmed

837
00:44:35.680 --> 00:44:37.840
They're programmed to have certain

838
00:44:38.560 --> 00:44:40.800
Ways of thinking about certain things

839
00:44:40.800 --> 00:44:41.840
But they're not original

840
00:44:42.640 --> 00:44:45.040
You can't come up with a new theory of physics

841
00:44:45.040 --> 00:44:46.000
Talking to a robot

842
00:44:46.640 --> 00:44:48.880
They basically take what is programmed into them

843
00:44:49.440 --> 00:44:50.560
And work with that

844
00:44:51.120 --> 00:44:53.440
Now eventually they may become creative

845
00:44:53.920 --> 00:44:54.880
Okay

846
00:44:54.880 --> 00:44:58.080
But I think that's going to take several decades before we are at that point

847
00:44:59.040 --> 00:45:00.640
When you say creative

848
00:45:00.640 --> 00:45:02.640
What's your definition of creative in that context

849
00:45:03.200 --> 00:45:05.840
Robots right now take what is available to them

850
00:45:05.840 --> 00:45:08.240
And rearrange things like writing a book

851
00:45:08.240 --> 00:45:09.360
Isn't that what humans do?

852
00:45:09.360 --> 00:45:11.680
Don't we take information and rearrange it?

853
00:45:11.680 --> 00:45:13.760
Oh yeah, but we come up with new ideas

854
00:45:13.760 --> 00:45:15.120
Based on that information

855
00:45:15.120 --> 00:45:18.000
The AI's can make a photo that has never existed before

856
00:45:18.640 --> 00:45:19.840
So is that by definition?

857
00:45:19.840 --> 00:45:22.560
On the basis of what did exist before

858
00:45:22.560 --> 00:45:23.680
In other words something new

859
00:45:24.400 --> 00:45:27.680
But basically a rearrangement of something that already existed

860
00:45:27.680 --> 00:45:31.120
So I'm saying you know the Michael Jackson documentaries just come out recently

861
00:45:31.680 --> 00:45:33.920
And you see Michael Jackson the way he moves

862
00:45:33.920 --> 00:45:35.040
And you look at it and go wow

863
00:45:35.040 --> 00:45:37.040
Like no one's ever moved like that before

864
00:45:37.360 --> 00:45:39.040
And then my friends sent me this video

865
00:45:40.000 --> 00:45:40.480
Which was

866
00:45:41.280 --> 00:45:43.440
What Michael Jackson was actually inspired by

867
00:45:44.080 --> 00:45:45.040
And it's this

868
00:45:45.040 --> 00:45:46.800
I'll throw it up on the screen so other people can see

869
00:45:47.440 --> 00:45:49.280
But it was something that came before Michael Jackson

870
00:45:49.280 --> 00:45:52.240
And it was this guy who moved in this very interesting way

871
00:45:52.240 --> 00:45:53.840
And when I watch this guy saw Michael Jackson

872
00:45:54.720 --> 00:45:56.160
And so you look at someone like Michael Jackson

873
00:45:56.160 --> 00:45:58.640
And you go oh my god an unbelievable creative genius artist

874
00:45:58.640 --> 00:46:00.080
But even he was inspired by

875
00:46:00.960 --> 00:46:02.320
By see if I can get it to play

876
00:46:02.320 --> 00:46:04.400
Even even he was inspired

877
00:46:05.440 --> 00:46:06.240
By this individual

878
00:46:06.240 --> 00:46:08.160
And then if I play it forward

879
00:46:08.160 --> 00:46:09.040
I mean

880
00:46:09.040 --> 00:46:10.640
This is how Michael Jackson moved

881
00:46:10.640 --> 00:46:11.840
Right

882
00:46:12.640 --> 00:46:14.320
The bottom line of art is mimicry

883
00:46:14.960 --> 00:46:18.320
That's the bottom line of art except you range things in an original way

884
00:46:18.960 --> 00:46:20.480
So it looks fresh

885
00:46:20.480 --> 00:46:22.480
And we're right in thinking that with Newton

886
00:46:22.960 --> 00:46:24.160
He

887
00:46:24.160 --> 00:46:25.200
Took

888
00:46:25.200 --> 00:46:27.360
the existing laws of physics

889
00:46:28.480 --> 00:46:30.240
And he was negligible

890
00:46:30.240 --> 00:46:31.040
And he proposed

891
00:46:31.040 --> 00:46:32.720
What was the physics before Newton

892
00:46:33.280 --> 00:46:34.640
And he proposed a question

893
00:46:36.000 --> 00:46:38.880
And then he tested that question and found an answer

894
00:46:39.760 --> 00:46:41.440
He asked himself a question

895
00:46:41.440 --> 00:46:43.280
How come the earth goes around the sun

896
00:46:43.920 --> 00:46:45.920
And he came up with an idea

897
00:46:45.920 --> 00:46:50.080
That was totally different from what people had had thought about before

898
00:46:50.080 --> 00:46:51.680
He came up with calculus

899
00:46:51.680 --> 00:46:53.840
He came up with the inverse square law

900
00:46:53.840 --> 00:46:57.760
So what I'm saying is true creativity comes from almost nothing

901
00:46:57.760 --> 00:46:59.520
And it's like a supernova

902
00:46:59.520 --> 00:47:02.320
Well creativity of a robot is imitative

903
00:47:02.960 --> 00:47:04.560
Now there's nothing wrong with that

904
00:47:04.560 --> 00:47:07.760
Because of course imitative artwork is still artwork

905
00:47:07.760 --> 00:47:08.640
But it's imitative

906
00:47:09.600 --> 00:47:13.680
Do you believe people like the big AI CEOs in Elon Musk

907
00:47:13.680 --> 00:47:17.440
When they say that AI will lead to new discoveries in science

908
00:47:18.240 --> 00:47:21.920
That's possible because there's so many laws of physics that are known

909
00:47:22.800 --> 00:47:25.520
That many of the new laws of physics are imitative

910
00:47:25.520 --> 00:47:28.320
And you rearrange them and combine them in different ways

911
00:47:29.040 --> 00:47:32.640
So it's possible that the big breakthroughs of the future

912
00:47:33.280 --> 00:47:35.360
Will be guided by breakthroughs of the past

913
00:47:35.360 --> 00:47:36.400
There's nothing wrong with that

914
00:47:37.840 --> 00:47:39.520
Are you concerned about AI at all?

915
00:47:39.520 --> 00:47:42.240
I'm concerned about AI in the larger perspective

916
00:47:43.040 --> 00:47:48.080
That one day they can learn to do things that are bad

917
00:47:48.800 --> 00:47:51.280
Learn to kill, learn to maim

918
00:47:52.320 --> 00:47:53.120
To harm people

919
00:47:53.920 --> 00:47:58.160
Realize that every invention that we've made in the past like the bow and arrow

920
00:47:58.800 --> 00:48:01.280
Could be used for good and bad

921
00:48:01.280 --> 00:48:02.240
Everything

922
00:48:02.240 --> 00:48:03.440
Okay

923
00:48:03.520 --> 00:48:08.480
The bow and arrow could be good for game, for food, for eating

924
00:48:08.480 --> 00:48:12.080
But a bow and arrow could be good for slaughtering your next star neighbor

925
00:48:12.720 --> 00:48:15.520
Any new invention has a double-edged sword to it

926
00:48:16.160 --> 00:48:18.160
And so I think that so far

927
00:48:18.160 --> 00:48:22.480
Most of the applications of artificial intelligence have been positive

928
00:48:23.200 --> 00:48:26.400
We're talking about labor costs, we're talking about creating wealth

929
00:48:26.400 --> 00:48:29.680
We're talking about making things faster, cheaper, better

930
00:48:29.680 --> 00:48:30.480
That's all great

931
00:48:31.280 --> 00:48:34.800
But you can also create artificial intelligence weapons as well

932
00:48:35.520 --> 00:48:37.840
And the battlefield is where it's happening

933
00:48:38.400 --> 00:48:41.600
And if you take a look at what's happening in the Ukraine

934
00:48:41.600 --> 00:48:42.960
And uh

935
00:48:42.960 --> 00:48:44.000
Russia

936
00:48:44.000 --> 00:48:46.000
Already we're talking about

937
00:48:46.000 --> 00:48:47.280
Aerial

938
00:48:47.280 --> 00:48:49.280
Weapons that can

939
00:48:49.280 --> 00:48:50.400
Use

940
00:48:50.400 --> 00:48:51.760
Wires

941
00:48:51.760 --> 00:48:53.760
To lock on to their target

942
00:48:54.720 --> 00:48:58.880
And they use artificial intelligence to guide them with this wire

943
00:48:59.520 --> 00:49:02.880
And they cannot be stopped using their usual techniques

944
00:49:03.440 --> 00:49:06.800
For every founder, there comes a point in building a company where your job shifts

945
00:49:06.800 --> 00:49:08.480
From being the person inside your business,

946
00:49:08.480 --> 00:49:12.240
Actioning everything to the person responsible for absolutely everything

947
00:49:12.240 --> 00:49:15.360
The only way I've been able to make this shift across the different companies and teams

948
00:49:15.360 --> 00:49:16.240
I'm responsible for

949
00:49:16.240 --> 00:49:20.080
Is by knowing that the right systems are in place to manage everything

950
00:49:20.080 --> 00:49:22.800
Systems that don't need me in order for them to work

951
00:49:22.800 --> 00:49:24.960
Our sponsor pipe drive is one of those systems

952
00:49:25.040 --> 00:49:26.320
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953
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954
00:49:28.800 --> 00:49:31.280
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955
00:49:31.280 --> 00:49:34.800
Because it's genuinely the most effective way to run a sales operation

956
00:49:34.800 --> 00:49:37.520
Through one dashboard you get every deal visible

957
00:49:37.520 --> 00:49:40.080
And every stage of the sales process is clear

958
00:49:40.080 --> 00:49:43.920
And what needs to happen next is all there in real time

959
00:49:43.920 --> 00:49:45.360
When a system like this works

960
00:49:45.360 --> 00:49:47.280
You don't need to be in every conversation

961
00:49:47.280 --> 00:49:50.240
To know exactly if your business is moving forward

962
00:49:50.240 --> 00:49:51.920
Where and what the blockers are

963
00:49:52.000 --> 00:49:55.440
Over 100,000 companies are already running their sales on it

964
00:49:55.440 --> 00:49:57.040
So if you'd like to join them

965
00:49:57.040 --> 00:50:00.880
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966
00:50:00.880 --> 00:50:03.840
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967
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968
00:50:06.080 --> 00:50:07.520
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969
00:50:07.520 --> 00:50:09.920
That's pipedrive.com slash CEO

970
00:50:10.640 --> 00:50:12.240
Much of the reason most people

971
00:50:12.240 --> 00:50:14.320
Haven't posted content or got their personal brand

972
00:50:14.320 --> 00:50:16.960
Is because it's hard and it's time consuming

973
00:50:16.960 --> 00:50:18.400
And we're all very very busy

974
00:50:18.400 --> 00:50:20.400
And if you've never posted something before

975
00:50:21.280 --> 00:50:23.840
There's so many factors in your psychology

976
00:50:23.840 --> 00:50:25.520
That stop you wanting to post

977
00:50:25.520 --> 00:50:26.880
What people will think of you

978
00:50:26.880 --> 00:50:27.840
Am I doing this right?

979
00:50:27.840 --> 00:50:30.240
Is the thing I'm saying absolutely stupid

980
00:50:30.240 --> 00:50:32.320
All of these result in paralysis

981
00:50:32.320 --> 00:50:33.920
Which means you don't post

982
00:50:33.920 --> 00:50:35.920
And your feed goes bare

983
00:50:35.920 --> 00:50:38.320
I'm an investor in a company called Stan Stort

984
00:50:38.320 --> 00:50:39.600
You've probably heard me talk about

985
00:50:39.600 --> 00:50:40.560
And what they've been building

986
00:50:40.560 --> 00:50:41.920
Is this new tool called Stanley

987
00:50:41.920 --> 00:50:43.280
That uses AI

988
00:50:43.280 --> 00:50:45.120
Looks at your feed, looks at your toner of voice

989
00:50:45.120 --> 00:50:45.920
Looks at your history

990
00:50:45.920 --> 00:50:47.520
Looks at your best performing posts

991
00:50:47.520 --> 00:50:49.360
And tells you what you should post

992
00:50:49.360 --> 00:50:50.960
Makes those posts for you

993
00:50:50.960 --> 00:50:53.360
You can also just use it for inspiration

994
00:50:53.360 --> 00:50:54.560
And sometimes what we need

995
00:50:54.560 --> 00:50:56.000
When we're thinking about doing a post for us

996
00:50:56.000 --> 00:50:57.200
Social media channels

997
00:50:57.200 --> 00:50:58.480
Is inspiration

998
00:50:58.480 --> 00:51:00.880
Building an audience has fundamentally changed my life

999
00:51:00.880 --> 00:51:02.640
And I think it could change yours too

1000
00:51:02.640 --> 00:51:05.520
So I'm inviting you to give this new tool a shot

1001
00:51:05.520 --> 00:51:06.960
And let me know what you think

1002
00:51:06.960 --> 00:51:09.760
All you have to do is search coach.stan.store

1003
00:51:09.760 --> 00:51:10.720
Now to get started

1004
00:51:11.840 --> 00:51:13.360
Going back to this question

1005
00:51:13.360 --> 00:51:15.520
Of the big bang and where we all came from

1006
00:51:15.840 --> 00:51:17.760
If you had to

1007
00:51:17.760 --> 00:51:19.440
Posit a guess

1008
00:51:19.440 --> 00:51:20.800
As to what caused the big bang

1009
00:51:20.800 --> 00:51:24.080
Would you land on this bubble bath theory

1010
00:51:24.080 --> 00:51:24.800
That you talked about

1011
00:51:24.800 --> 00:51:26.400
Where there's just lots and lots of universes

1012
00:51:26.400 --> 00:51:28.400
Some of them are contracting and expanding

1013
00:51:28.400 --> 00:51:30.560
Is that where you would personally land

1014
00:51:30.560 --> 00:51:32.400
Probably

1015
00:51:32.400 --> 00:51:34.400
If you take a look at empty space

1016
00:51:34.400 --> 00:51:36.880
We now believe that empty space is frothing

1017
00:51:36.880 --> 00:51:39.360
Frothing with little bubbles

1018
00:51:39.360 --> 00:51:41.520
Bubbles that pop into existence

1019
00:51:41.520 --> 00:51:44.560
And then annihilate and go back into nothingness again

1020
00:51:45.280 --> 00:51:47.680
So even pure nothingness

1021
00:51:47.680 --> 00:51:49.920
Is chalk fall of activity

1022
00:51:49.920 --> 00:51:51.680
And one day we think

1023
00:51:51.680 --> 00:51:54.000
One day one of these tiny little bubbles

1024
00:51:54.000 --> 00:51:56.800
Decided not to go back into the vacuum

1025
00:51:56.800 --> 00:51:59.040
But to keep on expanding

1026
00:51:59.040 --> 00:52:00.320
And expanding

1027
00:52:00.320 --> 00:52:02.720
And that became the big bang

1028
00:52:02.720 --> 00:52:05.360
And so the theory says that the universe is dynamic

1029
00:52:06.160 --> 00:52:08.720
And that universes have been created all the time

1030
00:52:08.720 --> 00:52:10.720
What about Adam and Eve

1031
00:52:10.720 --> 00:52:12.240
And this story

1032
00:52:12.240 --> 00:52:13.440
What about Adam and Eve

1033
00:52:13.520 --> 00:52:14.640
Do you don't think this story is true

1034
00:52:14.640 --> 00:52:16.000
That there was a garden

1035
00:52:16.000 --> 00:52:16.960
Adam and Eve

1036
00:52:16.960 --> 00:52:18.000
Adamate the apple

1037
00:52:18.000 --> 00:52:18.800
Put your clothes on

1038
00:52:18.800 --> 00:52:20.400
Behave yourself

1039
00:52:20.400 --> 00:52:21.680
And then you know

1040
00:52:21.680 --> 00:52:23.280
We'll come from there

1041
00:52:23.280 --> 00:52:25.680
Well I think there's evolution

1042
00:52:25.680 --> 00:52:27.520
And evolution did create

1043
00:52:27.520 --> 00:52:29.520
Life forms that are a single cell

1044
00:52:29.520 --> 00:52:30.800
Multi-cell

1045
00:52:30.800 --> 00:52:34.000
And then cells with a nervous system like fish

1046
00:52:34.000 --> 00:52:37.600
And then this became land

1047
00:52:37.600 --> 00:52:40.480
Moving organisms

1048
00:52:40.480 --> 00:52:42.720
So I think there's a linear progression

1049
00:52:42.720 --> 00:52:45.840
But you don't believe the stories told in the first testament of the Bible

1050
00:52:45.840 --> 00:52:48.320
Around how humans came to be

1051
00:52:48.320 --> 00:52:49.680
God created the world in seven days

1052
00:52:49.680 --> 00:52:51.040
You don't believe that stuff

1053
00:52:51.040 --> 00:52:52.720
Well I think it's a fairytale

1054
00:52:52.720 --> 00:52:55.120
I think it's a very compelling fairytale

1055
00:52:55.920 --> 00:52:59.120
But I think that even the people who teach religion

1056
00:52:59.120 --> 00:53:00.640
Realize it as a metaphor

1057
00:53:01.360 --> 00:53:04.080
That we don't really mean 24 hours in a day

1058
00:53:04.080 --> 00:53:06.080
Because that deals with the earth

1059
00:53:06.080 --> 00:53:07.840
In the universe

1060
00:53:07.840 --> 00:53:09.600
There could be other worlds

1061
00:53:09.600 --> 00:53:11.920
Where a day is not 24 hours

1062
00:53:11.920 --> 00:53:15.440
A day does not look like what the Bible says in Genesis

1063
00:53:15.440 --> 00:53:18.800
So I think it's a way to organize

1064
00:53:18.800 --> 00:53:21.280
Through religion into a way that is digestible

1065
00:53:21.280 --> 00:53:23.920
And people can understand it

1066
00:53:23.920 --> 00:53:25.520
And it touches people

1067
00:53:25.520 --> 00:53:27.920
Which is the purpose of religion

1068
00:53:27.920 --> 00:53:30.000
The purpose of religion is to touch people

1069
00:53:30.000 --> 00:53:31.440
To bring them together

1070
00:53:31.440 --> 00:53:32.960
Into a commonality

1071
00:53:32.960 --> 00:53:35.360
And that's what the story of Genesis does

1072
00:53:35.360 --> 00:53:38.160
Religion in some sense is a way to

1073
00:53:38.160 --> 00:53:39.600
Help people

1074
00:53:39.600 --> 00:53:41.600
To show people guidance

1075
00:53:41.680 --> 00:53:42.960
The good life

1076
00:53:42.960 --> 00:53:45.760
So that you don't terrorize other people

1077
00:53:45.760 --> 00:53:48.480
That you make life better for other people

1078
00:53:48.480 --> 00:53:51.440
Not that it explains the meaning of existence

1079
00:53:52.320 --> 00:53:55.920
But it gives you a reason for existence

1080
00:53:55.920 --> 00:53:58.080
And you would consider yourself to be an atheist

1081
00:53:58.080 --> 00:53:59.040
No

1082
00:53:59.040 --> 00:54:00.400
I'm agnostic

1083
00:54:00.400 --> 00:54:01.920
I believe that there's a lot of truth

1084
00:54:01.920 --> 00:54:04.560
Because it's a way of behaving

1085
00:54:04.560 --> 00:54:08.560
It's a way of learning how to be good to your neighbor

1086
00:54:08.560 --> 00:54:10.720
Is a glue that holds things together

1087
00:54:10.720 --> 00:54:13.440
Not that it gives meaning for life

1088
00:54:13.440 --> 00:54:15.280
But it shows the way

1089
00:54:15.280 --> 00:54:16.240
It shows the way

1090
00:54:17.440 --> 00:54:20.720
And the subject of morality is often so intrinsically linked to religion

1091
00:54:20.720 --> 00:54:22.160
Which is what is good and what is bad

1092
00:54:23.120 --> 00:54:24.880
Where does your morality come from, Dr?

1093
00:54:25.840 --> 00:54:27.760
Well, I was in the United States Army

1094
00:54:28.560 --> 00:54:29.600
For two years

1095
00:54:31.040 --> 00:54:32.720
And at that point

1096
00:54:33.520 --> 00:54:34.720
I had to face death

1097
00:54:35.520 --> 00:54:36.960
And I had to face war

1098
00:54:37.760 --> 00:54:39.360
It was the height of the Vietnam War

1099
00:54:40.320 --> 00:54:44.160
There were 500 GI's dying every week

1100
00:54:44.160 --> 00:54:44.800
Every week

1101
00:54:45.920 --> 00:54:47.760
Life magazine published an issue

1102
00:54:48.480 --> 00:54:50.080
Where they had the pictures

1103
00:54:50.080 --> 00:54:52.080
Just the pictures with no commentary

1104
00:54:52.720 --> 00:54:55.680
Of all the GI's that died that week

1105
00:54:56.240 --> 00:54:57.440
With no commentary

1106
00:54:58.080 --> 00:54:59.280
No I told you so

1107
00:55:00.080 --> 00:55:02.320
Just the pictures of those people that died

1108
00:55:03.040 --> 00:55:06.800
And then I realized that I would have to put my life on the line

1109
00:55:07.520 --> 00:55:08.880
Because my number was up

1110
00:55:09.840 --> 00:55:12.080
And people were going into the military

1111
00:55:13.120 --> 00:55:14.880
And people were realizing

1112
00:55:14.880 --> 00:55:17.760
Well, war is the way people

1113
00:55:17.760 --> 00:55:19.760
You know, work out their differences

1114
00:55:20.800 --> 00:55:23.520
But then I began to realize being in the military

1115
00:55:24.800 --> 00:55:26.720
That there is a morality there

1116
00:55:27.600 --> 00:55:30.800
I began to realize that the people that we were fighting

1117
00:55:31.760 --> 00:55:32.800
Had their own religion

1118
00:55:33.760 --> 00:55:37.680
They had their own way of looking at good and evil and whatever

1119
00:55:38.320 --> 00:55:40.400
And they were willing to sacrifice their life

1120
00:55:41.440 --> 00:55:42.560
For their own freedom

1121
00:55:43.360 --> 00:55:45.520
I began to question religion at that point

1122
00:55:46.240 --> 00:55:49.040
Is it just a glue that holds people together

1123
00:55:49.040 --> 00:55:51.680
Is there a deeper meaning to the whole thing

1124
00:55:52.720 --> 00:55:55.520
So one day I was learning how to throw hand grenades

1125
00:55:55.760 --> 00:56:00.640
And our sergeant who explained to us how to throw hand grenade

1126
00:56:01.440 --> 00:56:03.920
Had scars on one side of his face

1127
00:56:03.920 --> 00:56:05.680
Big scars on his neck

1128
00:56:06.560 --> 00:56:07.760
And we asked him why

1129
00:56:09.040 --> 00:56:11.040
And he said well one day

1130
00:56:12.000 --> 00:56:14.000
A little bit the measboy came up to him

1131
00:56:15.200 --> 00:56:16.960
And the measboy says

1132
00:56:17.280 --> 00:56:19.120
Candy, candy you want candy

1133
00:56:20.160 --> 00:56:22.240
And the GI says no no no get away from me

1134
00:56:22.240 --> 00:56:23.040
I don't want candy

1135
00:56:23.600 --> 00:56:25.920
Well the little boy showed what was in his hand

1136
00:56:26.640 --> 00:56:27.680
It was a hand grenade

1137
00:56:28.560 --> 00:56:29.920
It was not candy at all

1138
00:56:30.640 --> 00:56:33.920
And the little boy threw the hand grenade at the sergeant

1139
00:56:34.640 --> 00:56:37.040
Well the sergeant immediately saw what the danger was

1140
00:56:37.040 --> 00:56:40.800
And he hit the ground as soon as he could flatten on the ground

1141
00:56:41.600 --> 00:56:44.880
The grenade exploded and one half of his body

1142
00:56:45.520 --> 00:56:47.520
Got satire with shrapnel

1143
00:56:47.520 --> 00:56:49.440
And then you have to ask yourself a question

1144
00:56:50.080 --> 00:56:52.160
Why would a young boy do something like this

1145
00:56:52.960 --> 00:56:54.960
Is because he believed in something

1146
00:56:55.680 --> 00:56:58.000
And I think there was a real big lesson for me

1147
00:56:58.640 --> 00:57:00.960
And that is you have to believe in something

1148
00:57:01.600 --> 00:57:04.480
You have to believe in the goodness of men

1149
00:57:04.480 --> 00:57:06.560
And also the fact that men can do evil

1150
00:57:07.200 --> 00:57:09.760
And you have to fight for what you think is right

1151
00:57:10.800 --> 00:57:12.000
And therefore

1152
00:57:12.640 --> 00:57:14.880
It's not just a question that we're number one

1153
00:57:14.880 --> 00:57:16.240
We're going to win this war

1154
00:57:17.280 --> 00:57:18.960
I used to sing a song in the morning

1155
00:57:19.600 --> 00:57:21.120
I want to go to Vietnam

1156
00:57:21.120 --> 00:57:22.560
I want to kill a Charlie Kong

1157
00:57:23.040 --> 00:57:25.760
I used to sing that every morning at 4 o'clock in the morning

1158
00:57:26.800 --> 00:57:28.800
And then I asked myself now why

1159
00:57:29.600 --> 00:57:31.840
Were we on the right side of the wrong side

1160
00:57:32.400 --> 00:57:34.400
And then at that point he began to question

1161
00:57:34.400 --> 00:57:36.560
What is right and what is wrong

1162
00:57:37.120 --> 00:57:38.800
And then you realize maybe

1163
00:57:39.440 --> 00:57:40.480
I'm on the wrong side

1164
00:57:43.200 --> 00:57:44.800
Maybe I'm on the wrong side

1165
00:57:44.800 --> 00:57:46.320
I mean it goes back to all the conflict

1166
00:57:46.320 --> 00:57:48.160
Happening at the moment because we're

1167
00:57:48.160 --> 00:57:49.760
Ideologically captured by whatever

1168
00:57:50.400 --> 00:57:51.840
Our own religious beliefs are

1169
00:57:51.840 --> 00:57:53.760
And that's causing us to turn against each other

1170
00:57:53.760 --> 00:57:55.040
Each other and cause so much pain

1171
00:57:55.680 --> 00:57:56.720
And suffering in the world

1172
00:57:57.440 --> 00:57:59.600
Do you think there's any chance that this could

1173
00:57:59.600 --> 00:58:01.120
At all change

1174
00:58:01.680 --> 00:58:03.280
Or is this just part of the human condition

1175
00:58:04.080 --> 00:58:04.960
Well

1176
00:58:04.960 --> 00:58:06.800
If you take a look at the human condition

1177
00:58:06.800 --> 00:58:10.640
You realize that warfare has been an integral part

1178
00:58:11.200 --> 00:58:14.080
Of our evolution as a species

1179
00:58:14.880 --> 00:58:16.160
Even in the animal kingdom

1180
00:58:16.880 --> 00:58:19.440
Animals will fight against other animals

1181
00:58:20.320 --> 00:58:22.160
And so my hope however

1182
00:58:22.160 --> 00:58:24.480
Is that we're different from the animals

1183
00:58:24.560 --> 00:58:25.840
We have a brain

1184
00:58:25.840 --> 00:58:28.080
We can make moral decisions

1185
00:58:28.080 --> 00:58:30.880
Animals do not understand the meaning of a moral decision

1186
00:58:31.520 --> 00:58:33.680
Animals is survival

1187
00:58:33.680 --> 00:58:35.200
Is who is stronger

1188
00:58:35.200 --> 00:58:36.240
Who has the food

1189
00:58:37.280 --> 00:58:40.160
We don't necessarily have to engage in that conflict

1190
00:58:40.640 --> 00:58:43.200
And so I would hope that we use the brain that we have

1191
00:58:43.920 --> 00:58:45.040
To think through

1192
00:58:45.760 --> 00:58:48.080
And create a better world

1193
00:58:48.720 --> 00:58:49.840
One of the things I heard

1194
00:58:49.840 --> 00:58:51.600
When I was very young about the universe

1195
00:58:51.600 --> 00:58:54.480
And I guess this was inspired by some theory within physics

1196
00:58:54.480 --> 00:58:57.520
Was that there are infinite amounts of worlds out there

1197
00:58:58.160 --> 00:59:01.280
And I heard someone say if the world is infinite

1198
00:59:01.280 --> 00:59:02.960
That means that there's someone like me

1199
00:59:02.960 --> 00:59:04.240
A Stephen Bartlett

1200
00:59:04.240 --> 00:59:05.760
Who has an identical life to me

1201
00:59:06.400 --> 00:59:08.880
Up there somewhere out in the stars

1202
00:59:08.880 --> 00:59:11.840
Who's living a identical life to mine

1203
00:59:11.840 --> 00:59:14.160
Maybe other than instead of in this cup

1204
00:59:14.160 --> 00:59:16.400
There's lemonade instead of coffee

1205
00:59:17.360 --> 00:59:18.160
This is what they call it

1206
00:59:18.160 --> 00:59:19.440
Is it called the many worlds theory

1207
00:59:19.440 --> 00:59:21.280
Where they think there's theoretically

1208
00:59:21.360 --> 00:59:23.200
A version of the many worlds theory

1209
00:59:23.840 --> 00:59:29.280
But most many worlds theory simply says that there's an infinite number of universes and worlds out there

1210
00:59:29.920 --> 00:59:32.560
None of them is necessarily identical to ours

1211
00:59:33.440 --> 00:59:35.120
But independent of us

1212
00:59:35.840 --> 00:59:37.840
That is a distinct possibility

1213
00:59:37.840 --> 00:59:39.120
But if there's infinite numbers

1214
00:59:39.120 --> 00:59:40.880
That means there's one just like this

1215
00:59:40.880 --> 00:59:41.840
Identical to this

1216
00:59:41.840 --> 00:59:42.800
Not necessarily

1217
00:59:42.800 --> 00:59:45.600
You can have an infinite number of things that don't repeat

1218
00:59:45.600 --> 00:59:46.560
So in other words

1219
00:59:46.560 --> 00:59:48.560
You don't necessarily have to have

1220
00:59:48.720 --> 00:59:52.240
Another civilization that is exactly like ours

1221
00:59:52.240 --> 00:59:53.040
You could

1222
00:59:53.360 --> 00:59:55.120
But it's not necessary

1223
00:59:55.120 --> 00:59:57.120
If you believe in an infinite universe

1224
00:59:57.120 --> 00:59:58.160
It's true I guess

1225
00:59:58.960 --> 01:00:00.240
Do you think that's plausible

1226
01:00:00.240 --> 01:00:01.440
That there's an infinite number?

1227
01:00:01.440 --> 01:00:01.840
First of all

1228
01:00:01.840 --> 01:00:02.720
When you look at the

1229
01:00:02.720 --> 01:00:04.000
When you look at the night sky

1230
01:00:05.120 --> 01:00:08.800
You're overwhelmed by the majesty of the night sky

1231
01:00:08.800 --> 01:00:10.960
And then you realize that we're nothing but a dot

1232
01:00:11.600 --> 01:00:14.800
A dot on the gigantic disk called the Milky Way Galaxy

1233
01:00:15.440 --> 01:00:18.080
And if this is the Milky Way Galaxy

1234
01:00:18.080 --> 01:00:19.600
Then here we are

1235
01:00:19.600 --> 01:00:21.760
Thinking that this is the entire universe

1236
01:00:22.400 --> 01:00:26.080
This is something with a pinpoint on the Milky Way Galaxy

1237
01:00:26.080 --> 01:00:28.240
And how many galaxies are there

1238
01:00:28.240 --> 01:00:31.360
We're talking about trillions of galaxies that are out there

1239
01:00:31.360 --> 01:00:34.080
Each one containing roughly 100 billion stars

1240
01:00:34.960 --> 01:00:36.640
How are we supposed to feel about this

1241
01:00:36.640 --> 01:00:38.640
I did this some star tour

1242
01:00:39.360 --> 01:00:41.120
A couple of months ago in LA where

1243
01:00:41.120 --> 01:00:43.280
It all it was was a guy took me out to a field

1244
01:00:43.280 --> 01:00:43.920
Not even a field

1245
01:00:43.920 --> 01:00:46.160
It was the desert in Joshua Tree at nighttime

1246
01:00:46.160 --> 01:00:49.520
And he just explained how far away all the stars are

1247
01:00:49.520 --> 01:00:51.120
And then I looked through a telescope

1248
01:00:51.120 --> 01:00:54.080
And he was like okay this thing you're seeing here is a galaxy

1249
01:00:54.080 --> 01:00:55.680
And it's a gazillion miles that way

1250
01:00:55.680 --> 01:00:57.840
And this one is a galaxy as big as the Milky Way

1251
01:00:57.840 --> 01:00:59.520
And it's a gazillion miles that way

1252
01:00:59.520 --> 01:01:00.960
It made me feel a lot of things

1253
01:01:00.960 --> 01:01:01.920
It made me feel one

1254
01:01:03.040 --> 01:01:05.360
Irrelevant from a cosmic perspective

1255
01:01:06.000 --> 01:01:07.680
It also relieves one's anxiety

1256
01:01:08.240 --> 01:01:10.160
If anyone's anxious about this life

1257
01:01:10.160 --> 01:01:12.560
You kind of feel like you don't matter that much

1258
01:01:12.560 --> 01:01:15.280
But also it can make you feel like it doesn't matter

1259
01:01:16.160 --> 01:01:16.960
Like there's no point

1260
01:01:17.760 --> 01:01:19.920
Because I think there's a certain ego to humans

1261
01:01:19.920 --> 01:01:20.720
Where we want to think

1262
01:01:21.440 --> 01:01:22.720
It really really really matters

1263
01:01:22.720 --> 01:01:23.840
Now it might matter to us

1264
01:01:24.560 --> 01:01:26.640
But does it actually matter to the universe

1265
01:01:26.640 --> 01:01:28.480
The desire lives matter to the universe

1266
01:01:29.120 --> 01:01:31.600
Well I like to think of it slightly differently

1267
01:01:32.240 --> 01:01:34.720
I think on the other side of the Milky Way galaxy

1268
01:01:34.720 --> 01:01:35.520
There's an alien

1269
01:01:36.320 --> 01:01:39.360
Which writing the same equation that I'm writing down right now

1270
01:01:39.360 --> 01:01:40.640
In different language

1271
01:01:40.640 --> 01:01:41.680
In different notations

1272
01:01:42.240 --> 01:01:44.400
But he's also discovering string theory

1273
01:01:44.400 --> 01:01:46.400
And there are a lot of galaxies out there

1274
01:01:46.400 --> 01:01:48.720
Each one with an individual saying

1275
01:01:48.720 --> 01:01:50.960
Gee I think I discovered something new about the universe

1276
01:01:51.520 --> 01:01:54.400
And these laws are universal

1277
01:01:55.360 --> 01:01:57.600
The equations that I'm writing down right now

1278
01:01:58.400 --> 01:02:00.880
Are identical in different language

1279
01:02:00.880 --> 01:02:03.200
With equations that they're writing down

1280
01:02:03.200 --> 01:02:04.720
Billions of light years from us

1281
01:02:05.520 --> 01:02:07.440
And that gives me a sense of oneness

1282
01:02:08.480 --> 01:02:10.240
It gives me a sense that wow

1283
01:02:11.040 --> 01:02:12.800
We're part of a fellowship

1284
01:02:13.280 --> 01:02:14.960
We're part of a camaraderie

1285
01:02:15.520 --> 01:02:17.120
We're on the same quest

1286
01:02:17.600 --> 01:02:20.560
A quest to understand the nature of matter and energy

1287
01:02:21.120 --> 01:02:22.320
We're on the same boat

1288
01:02:22.960 --> 01:02:25.040
Even though we're speaking different language

1289
01:02:25.040 --> 01:02:27.440
Even though we're on different sides of the universe

1290
01:02:27.440 --> 01:02:29.360
We're all part of the same club

1291
01:02:29.360 --> 01:02:32.160
Don't you think it's plausible that we're going to destroy ourselves before we

1292
01:02:32.800 --> 01:02:34.480
We have to figure that out throughout

1293
01:02:34.720 --> 01:02:36.480
Or before we get to meet these aliens

1294
01:02:37.120 --> 01:02:39.600
Because the technology we've been able to create so far

1295
01:02:39.600 --> 01:02:42.160
Like nuclear weapons and even things like AI

1296
01:02:42.880 --> 01:02:44.320
You play this forward

1297
01:02:44.320 --> 01:02:47.200
Just on you know you talked about probabilities being the most important thing

1298
01:02:48.080 --> 01:02:51.280
The probability that one of these egomaniacs

1299
01:02:51.760 --> 01:02:55.040
Who has the launch codes for a nuclear weapon

1300
01:02:55.040 --> 01:02:56.240
At some point decides

1301
01:02:56.960 --> 01:02:58.640
That they're unhappy or they feel threatened

1302
01:02:59.200 --> 01:03:01.280
Is pretty high if you just extend time

1303
01:03:01.280 --> 01:03:04.640
I mean the probability goes up theoretically with every year that passes

1304
01:03:05.280 --> 01:03:06.800
That someone is going to

1305
01:03:07.440 --> 01:03:09.440
Do make a mistake that wipes us out

1306
01:03:10.080 --> 01:03:12.080
And the more advanced our science gets

1307
01:03:12.240 --> 01:03:14.720
Presumably, I mean again, I'm just theorizing

1308
01:03:15.600 --> 01:03:18.480
The high the probability that we create something that can destroy ourselves

1309
01:03:19.120 --> 01:03:20.960
Well, I like to look at a study differently

1310
01:03:21.760 --> 01:03:26.000
I say to myself, who is the smallest unit of history

1311
01:03:26.960 --> 01:03:28.720
And I say it's the decade

1312
01:03:29.600 --> 01:03:35.280
Anything smaller than a decade you get random fluctuations, noises, accidents, taking place on a decade

1313
01:03:35.840 --> 01:03:40.160
But if you look at human history decade by decade by decade

1314
01:03:40.880 --> 01:03:44.240
You realize it. Oh my god. Just a few decades ago

1315
01:03:44.240 --> 01:03:45.440
It was horse and buggy

1316
01:03:46.320 --> 01:03:49.280
Before that we we just had plows

1317
01:03:49.840 --> 01:03:51.840
Before that we were barbarians

1318
01:03:52.240 --> 01:03:54.800
And you begin to realize that we've come a long ways

1319
01:03:55.760 --> 01:03:57.520
Not that we hit the end

1320
01:03:57.520 --> 01:04:01.760
But we come a long ways just in the decade by decade analysis

1321
01:04:01.760 --> 01:04:03.200
Of the history of the human race

1322
01:04:03.200 --> 01:04:05.360
And we've got closer to being able to destroy ourselves

1323
01:04:05.360 --> 01:04:06.480
That that's true too

1324
01:04:06.480 --> 01:04:08.880
Because before we couldn't destroy ourselves

1325
01:04:08.880 --> 01:04:11.440
Now for the first time in human history

1326
01:04:11.440 --> 01:04:15.360
We have the potential of destroying ourselves with designer germs

1327
01:04:16.000 --> 01:04:17.760
With nuclear weapons

1328
01:04:17.760 --> 01:04:19.760
With perhaps artificial intelligence

1329
01:04:20.480 --> 01:04:22.720
We didn't have that capability before

1330
01:04:22.720 --> 01:04:25.680
And it's only been in the last 80 years or so

1331
01:04:25.680 --> 01:04:26.640
As a consequence

1332
01:04:27.360 --> 01:04:29.520
So I think that first of all

1333
01:04:29.520 --> 01:04:32.480
It means that every decade tremendous progress is made

1334
01:04:32.480 --> 01:04:33.520
There's no doubt about that

1335
01:04:34.160 --> 01:04:36.800
But second run a knife stage

1336
01:04:36.800 --> 01:04:38.480
You tilt it the wrong way

1337
01:04:38.480 --> 01:04:40.080
And there's world war

1338
01:04:40.080 --> 01:04:41.840
You tilt it the other way

1339
01:04:41.840 --> 01:04:45.040
And there's food and luxury for everyone

1340
01:04:46.000 --> 01:04:49.520
And it's up to us to decide which way the knife will go

1341
01:04:50.480 --> 01:04:52.720
But my point is decade by decade

1342
01:04:53.600 --> 01:04:57.360
We see the enormous progress that we humans have made

1343
01:04:58.080 --> 01:05:00.640
The next question is what about the next few decades

1344
01:05:01.520 --> 01:05:03.040
That's a big question mark

1345
01:05:03.040 --> 01:05:06.640
Do you think humanity are going to be able to travel out there amongst the stars

1346
01:05:06.640 --> 01:05:07.920
And become multi-planetary

1347
01:05:07.920 --> 01:05:11.200
Like someone like Elon Musk is planning

1348
01:05:11.680 --> 01:05:14.000
Well I think it's for certain that we're going to go

1349
01:05:14.000 --> 01:05:16.400
Not just to the moon but to Mars

1350
01:05:17.120 --> 01:05:18.720
And maybe even beyond that

1351
01:05:19.440 --> 01:05:20.880
Maybe not in our lifetime

1352
01:05:21.440 --> 01:05:24.400
But in our grandchildren's lifetime

1353
01:05:24.400 --> 01:05:29.920
We may break through and visit other planets within our solar system

1354
01:05:29.920 --> 01:05:32.080
Now to go beyond that

1355
01:05:32.080 --> 01:05:34.160
We require some sort of warp drive

1356
01:05:34.960 --> 01:05:37.280
Because of the fact that the nearest

1357
01:05:38.080 --> 01:05:41.120
Star is probably orbiting Alpha Centauri

1358
01:05:41.840 --> 01:05:46.000
Which is four and a half light years away from the planet Earth

1359
01:05:46.000 --> 01:05:49.440
So you realize you would take hundreds of thousands of years

1360
01:05:50.000 --> 01:05:53.600
To begin the colonization of the nearby star systems

1361
01:05:54.080 --> 01:05:57.840
If you could answer any one mystery of the universe

1362
01:05:58.720 --> 01:06:01.280
You know, I just I had it down here the answer

1363
01:06:01.280 --> 01:06:02.880
What would you seek to answer?

1364
01:06:03.520 --> 01:06:06.160
Well, it's what I'm seeking for my entire life

1365
01:06:06.960 --> 01:06:09.120
And that is we want that one equation

1366
01:06:09.120 --> 01:06:11.520
Which is the secret of the universe

1367
01:06:12.400 --> 01:06:14.800
We have the electromagnetic force equation

1368
01:06:14.800 --> 01:06:16.400
That's like half an inch long

1369
01:06:17.040 --> 01:06:21.440
We have the equation for gravity that's also about half an inch long

1370
01:06:22.240 --> 01:06:24.640
So why not the theory of everything

1371
01:06:24.640 --> 01:06:25.680
Maybe an inch long

1372
01:06:26.320 --> 01:06:27.280
We're not there yet

1373
01:06:27.840 --> 01:06:29.200
But I think it does exist

1374
01:06:29.840 --> 01:06:31.280
And if we were to find it

1375
01:06:31.920 --> 01:06:34.880
That would give us understanding of the entire universe

1376
01:06:34.880 --> 01:06:36.400
And I think we're very close

1377
01:06:36.400 --> 01:06:37.280
You think we're close

1378
01:06:37.280 --> 01:06:38.080
I think we're close

1379
01:06:38.560 --> 01:06:40.080
What makes you think we're close

1380
01:06:40.720 --> 01:06:44.480
Because so far the theories that we do have almost like magic

1381
01:06:45.040 --> 01:06:47.600
You look at the history of the equations of physics

1382
01:06:47.600 --> 01:06:51.760
And you realize they get simpler and simpler and simpler with time

1383
01:06:52.640 --> 01:06:54.640
You can write down Newton's equation

1384
01:06:54.640 --> 01:06:55.680
Bachelors equations

1385
01:06:55.680 --> 01:06:58.560
The equation for the nuclear force on one sheet of paper

1386
01:06:59.120 --> 01:07:00.640
One sheet of paper

1387
01:07:01.520 --> 01:07:04.000
The force that governs gravity

1388
01:07:04.000 --> 01:07:05.440
We don't have that yet

1389
01:07:05.440 --> 01:07:06.960
But we have the other forces

1390
01:07:06.960 --> 01:07:08.480
And the equations are very simple

1391
01:07:09.040 --> 01:07:11.520
And that's why I think that the final equation

1392
01:07:11.520 --> 01:07:12.640
Will also be simple

1393
01:07:13.120 --> 01:07:15.600
One of the things that sometimes inspires me is

1394
01:07:15.600 --> 01:07:16.880
That when you look at nature

1395
01:07:16.880 --> 01:07:18.800
Or when you look at something like the human brain

1396
01:07:18.880 --> 01:07:21.040
You see the same patterns as you see

1397
01:07:21.040 --> 01:07:22.400
When you look up out of the stars

1398
01:07:23.120 --> 01:07:26.720
And I mean I'm so fascinated by the nature of the human brain

1399
01:07:26.720 --> 01:07:28.640
Because it seems to be so so powerful

1400
01:07:28.640 --> 01:07:31.600
And it also seems to have patterns

1401
01:07:31.600 --> 01:07:33.680
We see in the wider universe

1402
01:07:33.680 --> 01:07:34.800
Do you ever think about this

1403
01:07:35.440 --> 01:07:38.560
About the brain and how astonishing it is as a thing

1404
01:07:39.120 --> 01:07:40.880
Well when I look at the animals

1405
01:07:41.600 --> 01:07:43.600
That makes me triply impressed

1406
01:07:44.240 --> 01:07:46.640
The fact that animals cannot share in that

1407
01:07:46.720 --> 01:07:49.520
That we see a universe that the animals cannot see

1408
01:07:50.160 --> 01:07:51.440
We see patterns

1409
01:07:51.440 --> 01:07:52.400
We see meaning

1410
01:07:53.040 --> 01:07:56.000
We give rhyme and reason to what we see

1411
01:07:56.640 --> 01:07:58.800
With animals it's just where's my dinner

1412
01:07:58.800 --> 01:08:02.480
Do you think the brain is as fascinating as the universe is fascinating

1413
01:08:03.280 --> 01:08:05.440
I think the universe is more fascinating

1414
01:08:05.440 --> 01:08:07.920
No matter how fast we are with physics

1415
01:08:07.920 --> 01:08:09.920
And the mathematics of physics

1416
01:08:09.920 --> 01:08:12.800
Pure mathematics is still more

1417
01:08:13.440 --> 01:08:14.400
More profound

1418
01:08:14.800 --> 01:08:17.600
You wrote this book called the physics of the future

1419
01:08:17.600 --> 01:08:19.600
How science will shape human destiny

1420
01:08:19.600 --> 01:08:22.400
And our daily lives by the year 2100

1421
01:08:23.120 --> 01:08:24.960
If I was alive in 2100

1422
01:08:25.760 --> 01:08:27.280
Based on everything you know about physics

1423
01:08:27.280 --> 01:08:29.520
What am I likely to see experience

1424
01:08:29.520 --> 01:08:31.600
How is life likely to be different in that future

1425
01:08:32.400 --> 01:08:34.560
Well I think we'll probably be on the moon

1426
01:08:34.560 --> 01:08:35.600
Maybe in tomorrow's

1427
01:08:36.160 --> 01:08:39.040
And perhaps even dream about setting the first space probes

1428
01:08:39.040 --> 01:08:40.000
Even beyond that

1429
01:08:40.640 --> 01:08:43.040
We're talking about being able to

1430
01:08:43.520 --> 01:08:47.360
Use artificial intelligence to send probes out there

1431
01:08:47.920 --> 01:08:49.920
Of course, we're not going to go to the stars

1432
01:08:49.920 --> 01:08:50.960
That's

1433
01:08:50.960 --> 01:08:53.600
That's a few hundred years into the future

1434
01:08:54.240 --> 01:08:58.720
But I think that we will begin to understand the solar system within this century

1435
01:08:59.840 --> 01:09:02.400
And this also means that we'll have artificial intelligence

1436
01:09:03.120 --> 01:09:04.400
Took a cure for cancer

1437
01:09:05.200 --> 01:09:07.440
And maybe one will aid the other

1438
01:09:08.000 --> 01:09:11.040
Maybe artificial intelligence will help us to cure cancer

1439
01:09:11.440 --> 01:09:12.480
And many diseases

1440
01:09:13.120 --> 01:09:14.000
And longevity

1441
01:09:14.720 --> 01:09:18.960
Perhaps will begin the process of solving the immortality crisis

1442
01:09:18.960 --> 01:09:21.600
Do you think we will be able to live forever in the near future

1443
01:09:21.600 --> 01:09:25.360
I think there's a possibility that we may have an indefinite lifespan

1444
01:09:25.360 --> 01:09:26.800
I think that's the possibility

1445
01:09:27.360 --> 01:09:29.120
And you think it's

1446
01:09:29.120 --> 01:09:30.720
possible within the laws of

1447
01:09:30.720 --> 01:09:32.000
I guess physics and biology

1448
01:09:32.560 --> 01:09:32.960
Yes

1449
01:09:34.080 --> 01:09:36.320
At the end of our chromosomes every cell

1450
01:09:36.320 --> 01:09:37.600
There's something called the telomers

1451
01:09:38.480 --> 01:09:40.160
And the telomers are like a clock

1452
01:09:40.720 --> 01:09:43.440
They get shorter every time a cell reproduces

1453
01:09:44.080 --> 01:09:46.400
And when the telomer gets so short

1454
01:09:46.400 --> 01:09:49.280
It phrase falls apart and you die

1455
01:09:50.160 --> 01:09:51.760
So we have a time limit

1456
01:09:52.080 --> 01:09:53.760
We've also discovered telomerase

1457
01:09:54.480 --> 01:09:56.720
A chemical that stops the clock

1458
01:09:57.600 --> 01:09:59.520
This was incredible when it was first announced

1459
01:10:00.160 --> 01:10:02.240
That if there's a clock in our body

1460
01:10:02.240 --> 01:10:03.200
Called the telomers

1461
01:10:03.760 --> 01:10:05.520
That tracks how long we're going to live

1462
01:10:06.240 --> 01:10:08.320
And there's something called telomerase

1463
01:10:08.320 --> 01:10:09.760
Which stops the clock

1464
01:10:10.400 --> 01:10:11.680
Then can we live forever

1465
01:10:12.400 --> 01:10:13.600
Well that was the good news

1466
01:10:14.480 --> 01:10:15.760
Then the bad news was

1467
01:10:16.400 --> 01:10:18.480
We found out that most of our to our shock

1468
01:10:19.120 --> 01:10:23.360
Cancer also uses telomers and telomerase to live forever

1469
01:10:24.080 --> 01:10:26.160
Why does cancer kill you

1470
01:10:26.880 --> 01:10:28.000
Because they are immortal

1471
01:10:28.640 --> 01:10:30.640
In principle they could they could live forever

1472
01:10:31.120 --> 01:10:32.560
And so it means that

1473
01:10:33.680 --> 01:10:36.480
The secret of immortality is tantalizing close

1474
01:10:37.280 --> 01:10:40.800
We do know that there are cells that make immortality possible

1475
01:10:41.280 --> 01:10:42.720
But there's a price to pay

1476
01:10:43.280 --> 01:10:47.200
The price to pay is you don't want cancers to also follow you

1477
01:10:47.760 --> 01:10:49.120
So here's the trick of the game

1478
01:10:49.680 --> 01:10:50.960
We have a whole bunch of

1479
01:10:51.520 --> 01:10:53.920
Top people in the sciences and medicine

1480
01:10:54.560 --> 01:10:58.400
Looking for ways to extend the human life span with the telomers

1481
01:10:58.960 --> 01:11:00.960
Without waking up

1482
01:11:01.360 --> 01:11:04.480
The cancers that make cancer possible

1483
01:11:04.960 --> 01:11:09.200
One of the things you wrote a book about two years ago and three years ago now in 2023

1484
01:11:09.600 --> 01:11:11.600
And that's when it was published

1485
01:11:11.600 --> 01:11:12.400
Is this thing here?

1486
01:11:14.640 --> 01:11:15.440
That's right

1487
01:11:15.440 --> 01:11:16.000
What is this?

1488
01:11:17.440 --> 01:11:18.240
This is

1489
01:11:19.360 --> 01:11:20.640
The future

1490
01:11:20.640 --> 01:11:22.640
This is a quantum computer

1491
01:11:22.640 --> 01:11:25.360
It's a computer that computes not on transistors

1492
01:11:25.360 --> 01:11:26.880
Which is old-fashioned

1493
01:11:26.880 --> 01:11:28.880
It computes on atoms

1494
01:11:29.040 --> 01:11:30.160
Think about that

1495
01:11:30.160 --> 01:11:32.400
The ultimate object

1496
01:11:32.480 --> 01:11:36.240
Beyond the transistors that you can compute with is the atom

1497
01:11:37.120 --> 01:11:39.120
And how do transistors work

1498
01:11:39.680 --> 01:11:41.840
Transistors can be up or down

1499
01:11:41.840 --> 01:11:43.280
Up or down it's called digital

1500
01:11:43.280 --> 01:11:45.840
Can you demonstrate that on that and this is your other?

1501
01:11:45.840 --> 01:11:47.680
Yeah, so think of this as a cell

1502
01:11:48.400 --> 01:11:50.640
And the cell could either be switched on

1503
01:11:50.640 --> 01:11:51.040
Yeah

1504
01:11:51.040 --> 01:11:52.000
Or a switched off

1505
01:11:52.000 --> 01:11:53.760
If you take a computer and open it up

1506
01:11:53.760 --> 01:11:54.560
What do you find?

1507
01:11:54.560 --> 01:11:55.840
Switches like this

1508
01:11:55.840 --> 01:11:57.440
They call transistors

1509
01:11:57.440 --> 01:11:59.440
Transistors that tell you whether it's on

1510
01:11:59.920 --> 01:12:00.400
Or off

1511
01:12:01.120 --> 01:12:02.880
Now that's digital

1512
01:12:02.880 --> 01:12:04.400
This is the revolution of today

1513
01:12:05.120 --> 01:12:07.840
This is the revolution of tomorrow

1514
01:12:08.880 --> 01:12:11.520
Not just up or down of in between

1515
01:12:12.320 --> 01:12:14.960
How many states are there between 0 and 1

1516
01:12:15.760 --> 01:12:19.840
In principle an infinite number of states between 0 and 1

1517
01:12:20.480 --> 01:12:23.360
So this is the basis of a digital computer

1518
01:12:24.160 --> 01:12:27.120
This is the basis of a quantum computer

1519
01:12:27.840 --> 01:12:29.840
Quantum computers are so powerful

1520
01:12:29.840 --> 01:12:32.240
But even the CIA is worried

1521
01:12:32.240 --> 01:12:34.720
That one day perhaps in the future

1522
01:12:34.720 --> 01:12:36.320
They'll be so powerful

1523
01:12:36.320 --> 01:12:40.240
They'll be able to break into any known digital code

1524
01:12:40.800 --> 01:12:44.800
So even the CIA is worried about the fact that these could become so powerful

1525
01:12:45.680 --> 01:12:49.840
That they'll allow you to break into any known computer

1526
01:12:50.320 --> 01:12:51.920
So these are called quantum computers

1527
01:12:52.640 --> 01:12:53.920
Why are they powerful?

1528
01:12:53.920 --> 01:12:56.320
Because they compute not on transistors

1529
01:12:56.400 --> 01:12:58.000
They compute on atoms

1530
01:12:58.000 --> 01:13:00.560
And you can't get much smaller than an atom

1531
01:13:00.560 --> 01:13:01.760
And have stable matter

1532
01:13:02.240 --> 01:13:04.240
But that's what quantum computers can do

1533
01:13:04.240 --> 01:13:05.280
And they exist

1534
01:13:05.280 --> 01:13:06.480
This is not science fiction

1535
01:13:06.480 --> 01:13:07.600
They already exist

1536
01:13:07.600 --> 01:13:11.040
So just to simplify this in a way that I can understand it

1537
01:13:11.040 --> 01:13:13.440
Normal computers are very very simple like this switch

1538
01:13:14.000 --> 01:13:16.480
They kind of exist in a linear direction

1539
01:13:16.480 --> 01:13:17.440
Up or down

1540
01:13:17.440 --> 01:13:18.240
On or off

1541
01:13:18.240 --> 01:13:19.600
Kind of binary yes or no

1542
01:13:19.600 --> 01:13:20.080
That's right

1543
01:13:20.080 --> 01:13:22.080
Whereas a quantum computer is more like this

1544
01:13:22.720 --> 01:13:26.880
It can process information in so many different directions

1545
01:13:26.880 --> 01:13:27.920
At the same time

1546
01:13:27.920 --> 01:13:29.680
So that it's going to be way more powerful

1547
01:13:29.680 --> 01:13:30.480
Way more powerful

1548
01:13:30.480 --> 01:13:31.680
Way faster

1549
01:13:31.920 --> 01:13:34.000
And I was looking recently in Google

1550
01:13:35.760 --> 01:13:36.880
Did an announcement

1551
01:13:36.880 --> 01:13:38.880
Not actually this year

1552
01:13:38.880 --> 01:13:41.920
Where they basically set a deadline for the cyber security world

1553
01:13:41.920 --> 01:13:43.680
And they started to warn governments

1554
01:13:43.680 --> 01:13:45.680
And banks and other tech giants

1555
01:13:45.680 --> 01:13:48.480
That because they have a quantum computer now

1556
01:13:48.480 --> 01:13:50.160
That is very very powerful

1557
01:13:50.240 --> 01:13:51.840
They're worried that it will be able to crack

1558
01:13:51.840 --> 01:13:54.240
A lot of the digital world that we all rely on

1559
01:13:54.240 --> 01:13:55.280
Including banks

1560
01:13:55.280 --> 01:13:56.880
Even bitcoin

1561
01:13:56.880 --> 01:13:58.080
Which is quite interesting

1562
01:13:58.080 --> 01:14:00.080
And they've set 2029

1563
01:14:00.880 --> 01:14:01.920
As the

1564
01:14:01.920 --> 01:14:04.720
The deadline for everybody to get their shit together

1565
01:14:04.720 --> 01:14:06.880
This is a massive threat to things like bitcoin

1566
01:14:06.880 --> 01:14:07.360
Which is

1567
01:14:07.360 --> 01:14:10.240
Bitcoin is essentially secured by a

1568
01:14:10.240 --> 01:14:11.760
Equation

1569
01:14:11.760 --> 01:14:12.880
That they believe

1570
01:14:12.880 --> 01:14:15.120
Quantum computers are going to be able to very easily crack

1571
01:14:15.920 --> 01:14:16.800
And if they do that

1572
01:14:16.800 --> 01:14:18.480
Then everyone's bitcoin for example

1573
01:14:18.480 --> 01:14:20.080
Is

1574
01:14:20.080 --> 01:14:20.880
Atgepity

1575
01:14:20.880 --> 01:14:22.320
But beyond bitcoin

1576
01:14:22.320 --> 01:14:23.760
What does the world look like in a world

1577
01:14:23.760 --> 01:14:25.760
Where we have these incredible computers

1578
01:14:26.640 --> 01:14:28.400
Well first of all who's doing this work

1579
01:14:29.520 --> 01:14:31.920
And it turns out the CIA

1580
01:14:31.920 --> 01:14:34.080
Is following this work very carefully

1581
01:14:34.720 --> 01:14:37.920
Because with this you'll be able to crack any code

1582
01:14:37.920 --> 01:14:41.600
Why is it that a thief cannot steal your bank account today

1583
01:14:42.320 --> 01:14:45.040
Is because that thief does not have your digital code

1584
01:14:45.680 --> 01:14:47.680
If a thief has your digital code

1585
01:14:47.680 --> 01:14:49.600
There goes your life savings at the window

1586
01:14:50.160 --> 01:14:52.000
Capitalism would vanish

1587
01:14:52.000 --> 01:14:54.400
Society would come to a halt

1588
01:14:54.400 --> 01:14:55.680
There'd be civil war

1589
01:14:56.240 --> 01:14:58.240
It'd be all sorts of chaos taking place

1590
01:14:58.800 --> 01:14:59.360
But

1591
01:14:59.360 --> 01:15:00.800
Codes are there

1592
01:15:00.800 --> 01:15:02.000
Not to be broken

1593
01:15:02.400 --> 01:15:03.680
To break a code

1594
01:15:03.680 --> 01:15:05.040
You have to have another code

1595
01:15:05.600 --> 01:15:07.120
And so the CIA

1596
01:15:07.120 --> 01:15:09.440
And other organizations create these

1597
01:15:09.440 --> 01:15:11.200
Very complicated codes

1598
01:15:11.200 --> 01:15:12.960
That you have to master

1599
01:15:12.960 --> 01:15:14.720
Quantum computers

1600
01:15:14.720 --> 01:15:15.280
Can do it

1601
01:15:16.240 --> 01:15:17.360
But we're not there yet

1602
01:15:17.920 --> 01:15:18.880
But it's coming

1603
01:15:19.760 --> 01:15:20.640
I don't know when

1604
01:15:20.640 --> 01:15:22.640
Some people say in a few decades

1605
01:15:22.640 --> 01:15:24.320
Some people say sooner

1606
01:15:24.320 --> 01:15:25.520
I don't know

1607
01:15:25.520 --> 01:15:28.400
I just know that the world is gambling

1608
01:15:28.400 --> 01:15:30.240
That we'll find a way to stop

1609
01:15:31.200 --> 01:15:32.640
Quantum computers

1610
01:15:32.640 --> 01:15:35.440
From breaking into digital computers

1611
01:15:36.080 --> 01:15:38.560
You've been working on physics for the last

1612
01:15:38.560 --> 01:15:39.280
What we said

1613
01:15:39.280 --> 01:15:40.560
What 71 years

1614
01:15:41.360 --> 01:15:42.560
As a kid

1615
01:15:42.560 --> 01:15:45.200
I was reading about how you

1616
01:15:45.200 --> 01:15:46.400
Started making your own

1617
01:15:47.280 --> 01:15:48.160
Atom smasher

1618
01:15:48.160 --> 01:15:50.560
I guess you'd call it a particle collider machine

1619
01:15:50.560 --> 01:15:51.600
That's right

1620
01:15:51.600 --> 01:15:53.200
When I was in high school

1621
01:15:53.200 --> 01:15:56.080
That's a very strange thing for a high school kid to be doing

1622
01:15:56.880 --> 01:15:59.920
Well, I was fascinated by the work of Einstein

1623
01:15:59.920 --> 01:16:02.800
And the work of people working as subatomic particles

1624
01:16:03.360 --> 01:16:05.360
And I got interested in antimatter

1625
01:16:06.160 --> 01:16:06.880
Antimatter

1626
01:16:06.880 --> 01:16:09.040
Antimatter is the opposite of matter

1627
01:16:09.040 --> 01:16:11.600
When I combine matter and antimatter I get a bomb

1628
01:16:12.160 --> 01:16:13.760
So you have to be very careful

1629
01:16:13.840 --> 01:16:16.240
That you don't marry matter with antimatter

1630
01:16:16.960 --> 01:16:19.680
And antimatter behaves the opposite of ordinary matter

1631
01:16:20.320 --> 01:16:23.200
If ordinary matter goes clockwise and magnetic field

1632
01:16:23.840 --> 01:16:25.680
Antimatter goes counterclockwise

1633
01:16:26.160 --> 01:16:27.680
In that same magnetic field

1634
01:16:28.240 --> 01:16:29.840
And so as a science project

1635
01:16:30.320 --> 01:16:33.040
I wanted to photograph the tracks of antimatter

1636
01:16:33.840 --> 01:16:37.120
So I got hundreds of miles of copper wire

1637
01:16:37.120 --> 01:16:38.720
Built a cloud chamber

1638
01:16:38.720 --> 01:16:40.000
And I was able to prove

1639
01:16:40.560 --> 01:16:43.200
That I could photograph the tracks of antimatter

1640
01:16:43.840 --> 01:16:47.760
And for that I went grand prize at the San Francisco Science Fair

1641
01:16:48.240 --> 01:16:50.160
And that began my career

1642
01:16:50.800 --> 01:16:52.720
Just before I graduated from high school

1643
01:16:53.200 --> 01:16:56.640
I decided to top that by creating an atom smasher

1644
01:16:57.280 --> 01:17:01.040
At 2.3 million electron volt beta electron particle accelerator

1645
01:17:02.000 --> 01:17:04.080
It consumed 6 kilowatts of power

1646
01:17:04.560 --> 01:17:07.120
Everything that my mother's house had

1647
01:17:07.120 --> 01:17:08.000
It would absorb

1648
01:17:08.640 --> 01:17:10.160
And that was the goal

1649
01:17:10.160 --> 01:17:13.360
To build a machine that would create my own beam of antimatter

1650
01:17:14.080 --> 01:17:15.840
So I got started very early

1651
01:17:16.400 --> 01:17:18.480
And I said to myself this is for me

1652
01:17:18.480 --> 01:17:20.080
This is what I want to do for a living

1653
01:17:20.800 --> 01:17:22.800
Every time I've tried to improve something in my life

1654
01:17:22.800 --> 01:17:25.200
Like my businesses, my health, my relationships

1655
01:17:25.200 --> 01:17:28.800
I've noticed that the biggest shifts have come from being better informed

1656
01:17:28.800 --> 01:17:29.920
And when it comes to our health

1657
01:17:29.920 --> 01:17:31.680
Most of us know very very little

1658
01:17:31.680 --> 01:17:34.640
So when our team was approached about partnering with function health

1659
01:17:34.640 --> 01:17:36.320
It felt very much aligned

1660
01:17:36.320 --> 01:17:40.400
Their team has developed a way of giving you a full 360 degree view of your health

1661
01:17:40.400 --> 01:17:42.000
Many of the things that are going on in your body

1662
01:17:42.080 --> 01:17:43.760
In a form of different tests

1663
01:17:43.760 --> 01:17:45.120
You do one blood draw

1664
01:17:45.120 --> 01:17:48.960
And it gives you access to over 160 lab results

1665
01:17:48.960 --> 01:17:53.200
All my own heart health, inflammation, stress toxins the whole picture

1666
01:17:53.200 --> 01:17:55.360
I use it and serve many of my team members

1667
01:17:55.360 --> 01:17:56.960
You sign up and you schedule tests

1668
01:17:56.960 --> 01:17:57.760
And once you're done

1669
01:17:57.760 --> 01:18:00.000
You get a little report like the one I have here

1670
01:18:00.000 --> 01:18:02.800
I can see my in-range results, my out-of-range results

1671
01:18:02.800 --> 01:18:04.480
And there's a little AI function too

1672
01:18:04.480 --> 01:18:07.360
So if I have any questions about my out-of-range results

1673
01:18:07.360 --> 01:18:10.000
I can just go in there and ask it any question I want

1674
01:18:10.080 --> 01:18:12.880
And these tests are backed by doctors and thousands of hours of research

1675
01:18:12.880 --> 01:18:15.680
It's $365 for a yearly membership

1676
01:18:15.680 --> 01:18:18.880
Go to functionhealth.com slash DOAC

1677
01:18:18.880 --> 01:18:22.960
And use the code DOAC25 for $25 off your membership

1678
01:18:23.920 --> 01:18:27.920
I've done almost 700 interviews with some of the most interesting people in the world

1679
01:18:27.920 --> 01:18:30.320
And one of the things you learn which is unexpected

1680
01:18:30.320 --> 01:18:33.440
Is that vulnerability is the doorway to connection

1681
01:18:33.440 --> 01:18:35.760
And after sitting here for two, three hours with a guest

1682
01:18:35.760 --> 01:18:38.400
I feel a deep sense of connection to them

1683
01:18:38.480 --> 01:18:40.800
And as they leave, what I get them to do

1684
01:18:40.800 --> 01:18:44.720
Is to write a question in the diary of a CEO

1685
01:18:44.720 --> 01:18:47.360
We've taken all of the questions from the DiRiver CEO

1686
01:18:47.360 --> 01:18:51.440
We have put the question here on this card

1687
01:18:51.440 --> 01:18:53.280
With the name of the person that wrote it

1688
01:18:53.280 --> 01:18:55.840
So you can sit at home as I do with my fiance

1689
01:18:55.840 --> 01:18:58.160
And my colleagues at work and other people in my life

1690
01:18:58.160 --> 01:18:59.360
Whenever we get a minute

1691
01:18:59.360 --> 01:19:02.400
We play the DiRiver CEO conversation cards

1692
01:19:02.400 --> 01:19:04.880
And it is incredible what happens

1693
01:19:04.880 --> 01:19:07.120
These are great if you're in a romantic relationship

1694
01:19:07.200 --> 01:19:08.560
And you want to connect your partner more

1695
01:19:08.560 --> 01:19:10.320
These are also great if you're in a team

1696
01:19:10.320 --> 01:19:12.000
And you want to bond your team together

1697
01:19:12.000 --> 01:19:14.080
And I have to say they're also great for families

1698
01:19:14.080 --> 01:19:15.840
That want to learn more about each other

1699
01:19:15.840 --> 01:19:19.760
And that need a good excuse to spend some time in a digital world

1700
01:19:19.760 --> 01:19:21.280
In the analog environment

1701
01:19:21.280 --> 01:19:22.880
Connecting human to human

1702
01:19:22.880 --> 01:19:24.240
It is remarkable

1703
01:19:24.240 --> 01:19:27.280
What the right question at the right time can do

1704
01:19:27.280 --> 01:19:29.840
Go to the diary.com

1705
01:19:29.840 --> 01:19:32.880
And you can get these conversation cards right now

1706
01:19:32.880 --> 01:19:35.760
Is there anything you discovered through your work in physics

1707
01:19:35.840 --> 01:19:38.720
That changed your day to day behavior

1708
01:19:38.720 --> 01:19:39.520
And life

1709
01:19:39.520 --> 01:19:40.720
How you treat people

1710
01:19:40.720 --> 01:19:41.600
How you show up

1711
01:19:41.600 --> 01:19:43.440
What you think matters

1712
01:19:43.440 --> 01:19:43.920
No

1713
01:19:43.920 --> 01:19:48.320
But the one thing that did change my attitude toward life

1714
01:19:48.320 --> 01:19:51.120
Other people was being in the army

1715
01:19:51.120 --> 01:19:53.280
Yeah that was a game changer that changed

1716
01:19:53.280 --> 01:19:54.080
Everything I knew

1717
01:19:54.080 --> 01:19:56.000
Which I thought I knew

1718
01:19:56.000 --> 01:19:59.440
Before then I was single mindfully focused on physics

1719
01:19:59.440 --> 01:20:00.880
Just physics

1720
01:20:00.880 --> 01:20:02.720
Do physics well

1721
01:20:02.720 --> 01:20:03.600
That was my life

1722
01:20:04.400 --> 01:20:06.640
But after seeing warfare up close

1723
01:20:07.280 --> 01:20:09.840
I began to realize this more to life

1724
01:20:09.840 --> 01:20:11.200
Than warfare

1725
01:20:11.200 --> 01:20:12.400
I think I asked this in part

1726
01:20:12.400 --> 01:20:13.840
Because last time I spoke to a physicist

1727
01:20:13.840 --> 01:20:16.400
And he talked to me about how the nature of reality

1728
01:20:16.400 --> 01:20:18.400
Is not what I think it is

1729
01:20:18.400 --> 01:20:21.440
And that there's multiple I guess dimensions

1730
01:20:21.440 --> 01:20:24.080
And that I'm only seeing a fraction of what is real

1731
01:20:25.040 --> 01:20:26.960
Which I think all physicists agree upon it

1732
01:20:26.960 --> 01:20:28.880
It sounds a bit like a conspiracy theory or something

1733
01:20:28.880 --> 01:20:29.760
But actually

1734
01:20:29.760 --> 01:20:31.120
Logically it makes a lot of sense

1735
01:20:31.120 --> 01:20:33.440
To only see what you need to see to survive

1736
01:20:33.440 --> 01:20:34.320
And actually

1737
01:20:34.320 --> 01:20:37.360
What you see your conception of the three-dimensional world

1738
01:20:37.360 --> 01:20:41.360
Is only the tiniest sliver of actually exists

1739
01:20:41.360 --> 01:20:42.640
And when I heard that

1740
01:20:42.640 --> 01:20:44.800
It made me open-minded

1741
01:20:44.800 --> 01:20:50.240
To a lot of the things I thought were conspiracy nonsense

1742
01:20:50.240 --> 01:20:52.880
It made me open-minded to ghosts

1743
01:20:52.880 --> 01:20:53.920
Maybe ghosts are real

1744
01:20:53.920 --> 01:20:55.600
Well I wouldn't go that far

1745
01:20:55.600 --> 01:20:56.480
Well you know

1746
01:20:56.480 --> 01:20:58.400
Maybe another dimension where there's another

1747
01:20:58.400 --> 01:21:00.880
There's spirits that can see me but I can't see them

1748
01:21:01.680 --> 01:21:04.160
Well there could be other social dimensions

1749
01:21:04.160 --> 01:21:06.320
That's within the realm of possibility

1750
01:21:06.320 --> 01:21:07.840
What do you think happens when we die

1751
01:21:07.840 --> 01:21:09.520
Do you think that's it

1752
01:21:09.520 --> 01:21:10.720
Or do you think there are

1753
01:21:10.720 --> 01:21:12.480
There's a possibility that there's ghosts

1754
01:21:12.480 --> 01:21:14.160
And that our spirit

1755
01:21:14.160 --> 01:21:15.440
Our soul goes somewhere

1756
01:21:15.440 --> 01:21:16.480
I don't see it happening

1757
01:21:17.280 --> 01:21:20.320
Because your brain, your personality

1758
01:21:20.320 --> 01:21:21.760
Your thoughts are electrical

1759
01:21:22.400 --> 01:21:23.520
And when you die

1760
01:21:23.520 --> 01:21:24.880
The electricity turns off

1761
01:21:25.760 --> 01:21:27.040
There's nothing propelling

1762
01:21:27.040 --> 01:21:28.480
Thinking anymore

1763
01:21:28.480 --> 01:21:30.640
Thinking requires a lot of energy

1764
01:21:30.640 --> 01:21:34.480
Even ghosts, it was still required a lot of energy

1765
01:21:34.480 --> 01:21:36.160
To keep the thoughts going

1766
01:21:36.160 --> 01:21:37.840
But that's why I don't believe in ghosts

1767
01:21:37.840 --> 01:21:40.000
Because I don't see an energy source

1768
01:21:40.000 --> 01:21:41.840
That propels the ghosts

1769
01:21:41.840 --> 01:21:43.840
People talk a lot about spirituality

1770
01:21:43.840 --> 01:21:46.640
They talk about things like shakras

1771
01:21:46.640 --> 01:21:49.680
And a lot of spiritual people talk about vibrations

1772
01:21:49.680 --> 01:21:52.800
It's a phrase that I often hear in the spiritual communities

1773
01:21:52.800 --> 01:21:54.320
Do you believe in anything like that

1774
01:21:54.320 --> 01:21:55.040
In terms of

1775
01:21:56.000 --> 01:21:57.520
Humans having energies

1776
01:21:57.520 --> 01:21:59.840
And being able to fear each other's energies

1777
01:22:00.800 --> 01:22:05.520
Well, I think that a person emanates a certain aura or a vibe

1778
01:22:06.320 --> 01:22:08.960
That doesn't necessarily mean they're radiating something

1779
01:22:08.960 --> 01:22:11.200
Is there any physics behind that idea

1780
01:22:11.200 --> 01:22:13.200
I think it's psychological

1781
01:22:13.200 --> 01:22:14.720
That you are tuned

1782
01:22:14.720 --> 01:22:17.120
Toed into a certain personality

1783
01:22:17.120 --> 01:22:18.960
A certain way of movement

1784
01:22:18.960 --> 01:22:20.640
I think it's psychological

1785
01:22:20.640 --> 01:22:21.600
Rather than physical

1786
01:22:22.560 --> 01:22:25.280
What is something you believe that you haven't proven

1787
01:22:26.080 --> 01:22:28.000
Well, there's a lot of things that haven't been proven

1788
01:22:28.000 --> 01:22:30.000
All I can say is maybe, maybe not

1789
01:22:30.000 --> 01:22:31.520
Like flying saucers

1790
01:22:31.520 --> 01:22:33.520
I don't say they don't exist or they exist

1791
01:22:33.520 --> 01:22:34.800
I'm saying maybe

1792
01:22:34.800 --> 01:22:37.280
I just haven't seen concrete evidence for them, that's all

1793
01:22:38.000 --> 01:22:39.760
So there's a lot of things that

1794
01:22:39.760 --> 01:22:41.920
I'm not going to definitely say no when I ghosts

1795
01:22:42.640 --> 01:22:44.080
I don't think there are ghosts

1796
01:22:44.080 --> 01:22:44.960
But I can't prove it

1797
01:22:46.000 --> 01:22:48.640
Maybe there is some after life is some sort

1798
01:22:48.640 --> 01:22:50.800
But it does go against what is measurable

1799
01:22:51.440 --> 01:22:53.200
We've seen no measurement

1800
01:22:53.200 --> 01:22:56.800
Of somebody that has been able to pick up vibrations from a ghost

1801
01:22:57.680 --> 01:22:59.120
How would you like to be remembered?

1802
01:23:00.480 --> 01:23:02.480
Someday, long after you're gone

1803
01:23:02.480 --> 01:23:03.840
Do you care about being remembered?

1804
01:23:04.400 --> 01:23:05.840
Do you care about legacy?

1805
01:23:05.840 --> 01:23:09.760
Well, I care about leading a good life that I feel comfortable with

1806
01:23:10.880 --> 01:23:12.000
And if you

1807
01:23:12.880 --> 01:23:15.600
If you're books and your teachings and your lectures

1808
01:23:16.240 --> 01:23:19.440
If they live on beyond you, that's a bonus

1809
01:23:19.440 --> 01:23:21.280
It means that you had an impact

1810
01:23:21.280 --> 01:23:22.640
It means you touched people

1811
01:23:23.200 --> 01:23:25.120
You touched people's lives with ideas

1812
01:23:25.760 --> 01:23:29.040
And when I go down the street, quite a few people come up to me

1813
01:23:29.040 --> 01:23:32.080
And they say, I saw you on this show, I saw you on that show

1814
01:23:32.720 --> 01:23:34.160
And that gives me a nice feeling

1815
01:23:34.800 --> 01:23:37.840
Of course, after I'm gone, there's nothing to feel

1816
01:23:38.480 --> 01:23:40.560
But while you're still alive, it gives you a nice feeling

1817
01:23:40.560 --> 01:23:41.920
Know that you've had an impact

1818
01:23:42.560 --> 01:23:44.800
Knowing that you've changed somebody's life

1819
01:23:45.440 --> 01:23:48.800
Several people have come up to me and said, I became a physicist because of you

1820
01:23:49.600 --> 01:23:51.360
So that's a nice

1821
01:23:52.080 --> 01:23:54.720
Nice way to view reality

1822
01:23:54.720 --> 01:23:55.760
That you touch people

1823
01:23:57.600 --> 01:24:01.440
Is there anything that you used to think was a conspiracy theory

1824
01:24:02.080 --> 01:24:04.240
That you now know to be true?

1825
01:24:04.240 --> 01:24:05.440
Well, I like to debunk

1826
01:24:05.440 --> 01:24:07.920
So as soon as someone says something, I'll landish

1827
01:24:07.920 --> 01:24:10.400
I say to myself, sure, sure

1828
01:24:10.400 --> 01:24:13.200
But that's what I mean, you're a debunker

1829
01:24:13.200 --> 01:24:16.640
So at some stage in your life, you must have had the experience

1830
01:24:16.640 --> 01:24:18.640
Of thinking something can't be true

1831
01:24:18.640 --> 01:24:20.080
And being proven wrong

1832
01:24:20.160 --> 01:24:23.920
Usually when I make predictions, they come out to be true

1833
01:24:23.920 --> 01:24:26.240
Maybe the timeline is a little bit exaggerated

1834
01:24:26.960 --> 01:24:28.400
But they turn out to be true

1835
01:24:28.400 --> 01:24:31.520
So I haven't made any predictions or observations

1836
01:24:31.520 --> 01:24:33.440
That were later shown to be false

1837
01:24:33.440 --> 01:24:37.360
What predictions are you making now then about the nature of reality in the future

1838
01:24:38.000 --> 01:24:40.640
Well, I talk about the nature of string theory in the future

1839
01:24:40.640 --> 01:24:43.680
Whether or not we really will have a theory of everything

1840
01:24:43.680 --> 01:24:46.320
Flying saucers, I talk about the fact that

1841
01:24:46.320 --> 01:24:48.480
Even though we have no evidence today

1842
01:24:48.480 --> 01:24:51.440
You know, there's a mountain of these things being declassified now

1843
01:24:51.440 --> 01:24:53.840
Maybe we'll pick up shreds of evidence

1844
01:24:53.840 --> 01:24:57.200
Did you look at the declassified information that Trump released on UFOs?

1845
01:24:57.200 --> 01:25:01.840
Yeah, I look at the whole vast 160 or so sightings

1846
01:25:01.840 --> 01:25:04.000
Was there anything in there that was compelling to you?

1847
01:25:04.000 --> 01:25:07.200
No, just light-stancing in the sky without any commentary

1848
01:25:07.200 --> 01:25:08.480
So you don't know what they are

1849
01:25:09.440 --> 01:25:11.200
But they could be extraterrestrial

1850
01:25:11.760 --> 01:25:13.600
But you see, these things are too dimensional

1851
01:25:14.240 --> 01:25:16.000
They're taking by a camera

1852
01:25:16.560 --> 01:25:18.320
Which is flattened the image

1853
01:25:19.040 --> 01:25:21.680
Therefore the judge's distance is very tricky

1854
01:25:22.560 --> 01:25:28.880
Do you believe that you're looking at extraterrestrial life forms

1855
01:25:28.880 --> 01:25:30.240
When you watch these videos of UFOs?

1856
01:25:30.240 --> 01:25:31.520
I'm open to the idea

1857
01:25:31.520 --> 01:25:33.600
I don't think there's any smoking gun yet

1858
01:25:33.600 --> 01:25:36.160
But I'm open to the idea that these are extraterrestrial

1859
01:25:36.160 --> 01:25:37.760
You see some of them going up and then down

1860
01:25:37.760 --> 01:25:39.600
And then into the ocean and coming back up again

1861
01:25:39.600 --> 01:25:42.560
When you watch that, do you think these are aliens

1862
01:25:42.560 --> 01:25:44.960
Would you just think it's people that have misunderstood what they're looking at?

1863
01:25:45.840 --> 01:25:49.120
I leave open the probability that it could be one or the other

1864
01:25:49.120 --> 01:25:51.360
There's no aha moment

1865
01:25:51.360 --> 01:25:54.000
Where I say that it's nothing but reflection

1866
01:25:54.000 --> 01:25:55.760
It's nothing but an optical illusion

1867
01:25:56.560 --> 01:25:58.000
There's no aha moment

1868
01:25:58.000 --> 01:26:01.360
If you had to bet everything you love and cherish

1869
01:26:02.080 --> 01:26:04.080
On either side of the fence

1870
01:26:04.080 --> 01:26:08.880
That non-human life had made contact with the earth at some point in some form

1871
01:26:08.880 --> 01:26:09.440
Or not

1872
01:26:10.080 --> 01:26:13.440
Which side would you place everything you love and care about?

1873
01:26:13.440 --> 01:26:17.920
On yes, aliens have made contact with the earth in some form or no

1874
01:26:17.920 --> 01:26:19.520
Well, I would have to say I don't know

1875
01:26:20.160 --> 01:26:21.280
If you had to

1876
01:26:21.280 --> 01:26:22.720
I know it's a cop out

1877
01:26:22.720 --> 01:26:25.920
But you know, if everything was on the line

1878
01:26:25.920 --> 01:26:27.360
One would have to move

1879
01:26:27.360 --> 01:26:28.640
Yet to yes or no

1880
01:26:28.640 --> 01:26:29.840
And I would personally

1881
01:26:31.280 --> 01:26:33.040
I would personally probably say

1882
01:26:35.040 --> 01:26:36.000
Probably no

1883
01:26:36.000 --> 01:26:37.680
If you made me bet everything

1884
01:26:37.680 --> 01:26:38.960
I'd say maybe yes

1885
01:26:38.960 --> 01:26:39.680
You'd say yes

1886
01:26:39.680 --> 01:26:41.440
But no, no, no, no, maybe yes

1887
01:26:41.520 --> 01:26:42.880
Very important the word maybe

1888
01:26:42.880 --> 01:26:44.240
I'm a semi-scientist

1889
01:26:44.240 --> 01:26:46.160
And somebody's going to use that against me

1890
01:26:46.160 --> 01:26:49.680
By saying you said on television that this and this is true

1891
01:26:49.680 --> 01:26:51.040
No, I said maybe

1892
01:26:51.760 --> 01:26:53.920
That doesn't mean it actually is true

1893
01:26:53.920 --> 01:26:56.960
It just means I open the possibility that it's true

1894
01:26:56.960 --> 01:26:59.120
But if you were held at gunpoint, doctor

1895
01:26:59.120 --> 01:27:00.560
And at gunpoint they said

1896
01:27:00.560 --> 01:27:00.800
Right

1897
01:27:01.760 --> 01:27:03.120
You've got to say yes or no

1898
01:27:03.120 --> 01:27:04.800
And if you're right or wrong

1899
01:27:05.680 --> 01:27:06.800
That determines your fate

1900
01:27:07.120 --> 01:27:11.120
I would have to say maybe

1901
01:27:12.320 --> 01:27:13.680
I know what you're getting at

1902
01:27:13.680 --> 01:27:15.840
You want to like, you know, corner of the fox, right

1903
01:27:15.840 --> 01:27:17.040
Yeah, wait to some degree

1904
01:27:17.040 --> 01:27:18.320
Yeah, I'm trying to corner the fox

1905
01:27:18.320 --> 01:27:21.040
But I'm doing it to understand

1906
01:27:21.760 --> 01:27:23.760
Where your intuition

1907
01:27:23.760 --> 01:27:26.080
Or your bias lands

1908
01:27:26.080 --> 01:27:26.960
Because

1909
01:27:26.960 --> 01:27:28.960
I see there's not enough conclusive evidence

1910
01:27:28.960 --> 01:27:30.480
There's no aha moment

1911
01:27:30.480 --> 01:27:31.760
I do see a lot of babies

1912
01:27:32.560 --> 01:27:33.520
A lot of babies

1913
01:27:34.480 --> 01:27:35.520
Hmm

1914
01:27:35.520 --> 01:27:37.600
Yeah, I think I mean, I think that's probably the

1915
01:27:37.600 --> 01:27:39.360
Intellectually honest answer

1916
01:27:39.360 --> 01:27:40.560
Is maybe

1917
01:27:40.560 --> 01:27:43.520
But if I was forced to fall on one side of the fence

1918
01:27:43.520 --> 01:27:44.880
I'd probably say

1919
01:27:45.920 --> 01:27:47.440
No

1920
01:27:47.440 --> 01:27:50.640
Because I don't have enough conviction to say yes

1921
01:27:50.640 --> 01:27:52.000
I see no evidence to say yes

1922
01:27:52.000 --> 01:27:53.120
Other than

1923
01:27:53.120 --> 01:27:54.640
You know, some sightings of some things

1924
01:27:55.600 --> 01:27:57.280
But I'm open-minded

1925
01:27:57.280 --> 01:27:58.960
Maybe it'll change

1926
01:27:58.960 --> 01:28:01.440
Doctor, we have a closing tradition on this podcast

1927
01:28:01.440 --> 01:28:02.880
Where the last guest leaves a question for the next guest

1928
01:28:02.880 --> 01:28:04.480
Not knowing who they're leaving it for

1929
01:28:04.480 --> 01:28:06.160
And the question left for you

1930
01:28:06.160 --> 01:28:07.520
In my diary is

1931
01:28:09.840 --> 01:28:14.640
What is the best strategy to deal with failure

1932
01:28:16.160 --> 01:28:19.120
I think the best strategy to deal with failure is

1933
01:28:19.840 --> 01:28:21.840
Try it again

1934
01:28:21.840 --> 01:28:23.120
I think on the first try

1935
01:28:23.120 --> 01:28:24.320
You're bound to make mistakes

1936
01:28:24.320 --> 01:28:25.440
Because it's a learning curve

1937
01:28:26.080 --> 01:28:27.680
And that learning curve is

1938
01:28:27.680 --> 01:28:28.880
Is instructive

1939
01:28:28.880 --> 01:28:30.160
It teaches you

1940
01:28:30.160 --> 01:28:31.840
It teaches you to try it again

1941
01:28:31.840 --> 01:28:33.840
But make a slight change

1942
01:28:33.840 --> 01:28:35.200
Make a slight change

1943
01:28:35.200 --> 01:28:37.200
And hope that changes in the right direction

1944
01:28:37.200 --> 01:28:39.280
If not, make another change

1945
01:28:39.280 --> 01:28:41.680
And see where that puts you in the right direction

1946
01:28:41.680 --> 01:28:44.000
If you could go back to when you were

1947
01:28:44.000 --> 01:28:46.240
That seven-year-old kid that was just getting into physics

1948
01:28:46.240 --> 01:28:47.120
Yeah, eight-year-old

1949
01:28:47.120 --> 01:28:48.160
Eight-year-old

1950
01:28:48.160 --> 01:28:50.240
And give him any advice

1951
01:28:50.240 --> 01:28:52.720
That would best serve him for the next 70 years

1952
01:28:52.720 --> 01:28:53.920
What advice would you have given him?

1953
01:28:55.360 --> 01:28:56.560
I'd say carry on

1954
01:28:57.200 --> 01:29:00.160
I've made a lot of decisions that I feel good about

1955
01:29:00.880 --> 01:29:03.360
Decisions that made me a better person

1956
01:29:04.160 --> 01:29:06.320
For example, when I went into the army

1957
01:29:06.320 --> 01:29:08.560
At that point, I thought, what could be worse

1958
01:29:08.560 --> 01:29:11.200
Than facing death on the battlefield

1959
01:29:11.200 --> 01:29:13.520
To die on some unnamed hill

1960
01:29:13.520 --> 01:29:14.800
In some unnamed land

1961
01:29:15.440 --> 01:29:18.720
And then I began to realize, well, yeah, that's a possibility

1962
01:29:18.720 --> 01:29:21.520
But there's another possibility that you may survive

1963
01:29:21.520 --> 01:29:24.160
That you may learn from that experience

1964
01:29:24.160 --> 01:29:26.240
If you're not here to learn

1965
01:29:26.240 --> 01:29:27.840
Okay, so be it

1966
01:29:27.920 --> 01:29:29.520
But if you are here to learn

1967
01:29:29.520 --> 01:29:31.680
You gain wisdom

1968
01:29:31.680 --> 01:29:33.440
By being in the military

1969
01:29:33.440 --> 01:29:35.760
And that, I think, is a positive thing

1970
01:29:35.760 --> 01:29:37.600
We were talking about UFOs

1971
01:29:37.600 --> 01:29:38.560
An alien life

1972
01:29:38.560 --> 01:29:40.160
At the start of this conversation

1973
01:29:40.160 --> 01:29:42.320
And one of the questions that's adjacent to it

1974
01:29:42.320 --> 01:29:44.000
Is if alien life

1975
01:29:44.000 --> 01:29:46.800
Were to come here at some point

1976
01:29:46.800 --> 01:29:48.960
Do you think they would have them pithy for us

1977
01:29:48.960 --> 01:29:50.720
Would you think that's

1978
01:29:50.720 --> 01:29:51.680
Potentially human trick

1979
01:29:51.680 --> 01:29:54.400
Do you think they, you know, because in the movies they attack us

1980
01:29:54.400 --> 01:29:56.080
Well, if I were to shoot in the dark

1981
01:29:56.080 --> 01:29:58.400
I'd say, first of all, they're robotic

1982
01:29:58.400 --> 01:30:00.240
They're not organic at all

1983
01:30:00.240 --> 01:30:00.720
Really?

1984
01:30:00.720 --> 01:30:02.800
Because they exhibit maneuvers

1985
01:30:02.800 --> 01:30:04.720
That would crush the bones

1986
01:30:04.720 --> 01:30:07.920
Of any living creature that we know of

1987
01:30:07.920 --> 01:30:10.240
These fine sauces can zigzag

1988
01:30:10.240 --> 01:30:13.600
They can die from 70,000 feet all the way down

1989
01:30:13.600 --> 01:30:15.440
They can dive underwater

1990
01:30:15.440 --> 01:30:18.720
These require skills and tensions

1991
01:30:18.720 --> 01:30:20.960
And vibrations that would crack

1992
01:30:20.960 --> 01:30:24.320
Any known US device in half

1993
01:30:24.400 --> 01:30:26.720
And there they are, executing these things

1994
01:30:26.720 --> 01:30:28.080
Either they're fake

1995
01:30:28.080 --> 01:30:30.080
Or they're access-restraile

1996
01:30:30.880 --> 01:30:32.960
So I think that they have a technology

1997
01:30:32.960 --> 01:30:34.720
That we can only dream of

1998
01:30:34.720 --> 01:30:37.920
So when we're looking at these UAP images and videos

1999
01:30:37.920 --> 01:30:39.360
If they are to be real

2000
01:30:39.360 --> 01:30:41.280
Then you're saying there's no life in them at all

2001
01:30:41.280 --> 01:30:43.280
It's actually just

2002
01:30:43.280 --> 01:30:44.480
Machine intelligence

2003
01:30:44.480 --> 01:30:45.520
That's right

2004
01:30:45.520 --> 01:30:47.920
In fact, that's probably one reason why they don't come out

2005
01:30:47.920 --> 01:30:49.920
In greed is like in the movies

2006
01:30:49.920 --> 01:30:51.680
In the movies they always come out and say

2007
01:30:51.680 --> 01:30:53.520
Hello, Earthman

2008
01:30:53.520 --> 01:30:55.680
No, I personally think they're robotic

2009
01:30:55.680 --> 01:30:57.200
This question of empathy

2010
01:30:57.200 --> 01:30:59.120
Do you posit that they might be empathetic

2011
01:30:59.120 --> 01:31:00.960
Do you posit they would want to destroy us?

2012
01:31:00.960 --> 01:31:02.000
I mean, what would...

2013
01:31:02.000 --> 01:31:04.400
Will they destroy us or will they want to

2014
01:31:04.400 --> 01:31:05.600
The answer I think is no

2015
01:31:05.600 --> 01:31:08.160
Because they could have done it years ago

2016
01:31:08.160 --> 01:31:11.120
You realize that if you go back even the Bible

2017
01:31:11.120 --> 01:31:13.440
Makes reference to a UFO

2018
01:31:13.440 --> 01:31:15.760
If you take a look at Ezekiel

2019
01:31:15.760 --> 01:31:18.800
Ezekiel saw the wheel in the sky

2020
01:31:18.800 --> 01:31:21.120
And some people say there was no wheel

2021
01:31:21.120 --> 01:31:23.200
That was at UFO

2022
01:31:23.200 --> 01:31:25.440
So who knows for sure

2023
01:31:25.440 --> 01:31:28.720
But if the aliens really wanted to destroy us

2024
01:31:28.720 --> 01:31:31.200
They could have done it years ago

2025
01:31:31.200 --> 01:31:33.040
They don't have to wait

2026
01:31:33.040 --> 01:31:35.040
But if you go to a zoo

2027
01:31:35.040 --> 01:31:36.800
Even if the zoo is lifelike

2028
01:31:36.800 --> 01:31:39.040
To the point where the animals themselves

2029
01:31:39.040 --> 01:31:41.200
Don't even know they're in a zoo

2030
01:31:41.200 --> 01:31:42.400
It's peaceful

2031
01:31:42.400 --> 01:31:44.080
That you can observe them

2032
01:31:44.080 --> 01:31:46.000
Without necessarily

2033
01:31:46.000 --> 01:31:47.920
Ealing your presence

2034
01:31:47.920 --> 01:31:49.520
And in that sense

2035
01:31:49.520 --> 01:31:51.520
It could be like living in a zoo

2036
01:31:51.520 --> 01:31:53.920
Nothing they want to gawk at us and laugh at us

2037
01:31:53.920 --> 01:31:56.000
But just observe us

2038
01:31:56.000 --> 01:31:58.800
So you think that they won't want to distress

2039
01:31:58.800 --> 01:32:01.040
Which is comforting to hear

2040
01:32:01.040 --> 01:32:03.360
I think if they had the chance to destroy us

2041
01:32:03.360 --> 01:32:04.160
And they wanted to

2042
01:32:04.160 --> 01:32:07.040
They could have done it decades ago

2043
01:32:07.040 --> 01:32:09.200
But here we are

2044
01:32:09.200 --> 01:32:11.200
It's an interesting idea

2045
01:32:11.200 --> 01:32:13.840
When you talked about this extraterrestrial life

2046
01:32:13.840 --> 01:32:14.960
Potentially being robotic

2047
01:32:14.960 --> 01:32:15.840
It does...

2048
01:32:15.840 --> 01:32:17.440
It kind of makes sense to me

2049
01:32:17.440 --> 01:32:18.800
Because

2050
01:32:18.800 --> 01:32:20.800
We're on a course to create humanoid robots

2051
01:32:20.880 --> 01:32:23.360
And robots that can...

2052
01:32:23.360 --> 01:32:24.640
I was actually watching this morning

2053
01:32:24.640 --> 01:32:26.560
There's a video that one of these humanoid robot

2054
01:32:26.560 --> 01:32:28.080
Companies are streaming

2055
01:32:28.080 --> 01:32:29.120
And it's their streaming

2056
01:32:29.120 --> 01:32:30.880
A humanoid robot working

2057
01:32:30.880 --> 01:32:32.640
On a production line for four hours straight

2058
01:32:32.640 --> 01:32:33.680
So everybody can watch

2059
01:32:33.680 --> 01:32:35.680
And all it's doing is sorting packages out

2060
01:32:35.680 --> 01:32:37.520
But it's been going for four days straight

2061
01:32:37.520 --> 01:32:38.720
And if you play this forward

2062
01:32:38.720 --> 01:32:39.280
You go

2063
01:32:39.280 --> 01:32:40.960
This robot can go

2064
01:32:40.960 --> 01:32:42.000
Walk across the office

2065
01:32:42.000 --> 01:32:43.680
And it can charge itself back up

2066
01:32:43.680 --> 01:32:45.280
Once it runs out of battery

2067
01:32:45.280 --> 01:32:47.840
And then they show it going back to work again

2068
01:32:47.840 --> 01:32:48.720
When I say a plate for what I mean

2069
01:32:48.720 --> 01:32:50.640
Imagine this technology continues to improve

2070
01:32:50.640 --> 01:32:51.920
The trajectory it's on

2071
01:32:51.920 --> 01:32:53.520
The battery technology gets better

2072
01:32:53.520 --> 01:32:55.280
The intelligence gets better

2073
01:32:55.280 --> 01:32:56.480
And then theoretically

2074
01:32:56.480 --> 01:32:58.880
This robot will be able to build a spaceship

2075
01:32:58.880 --> 01:33:00.080
Theoretically

2076
01:33:00.080 --> 01:33:02.720
And travel into the universe

2077
01:33:02.720 --> 01:33:04.240
Theoretically at some point

2078
01:33:04.240 --> 01:33:06.240
If you imagine any rate of improvement

2079
01:33:06.240 --> 01:33:08.400
So it's theoretical

2080
01:33:08.400 --> 01:33:10.080
That a human's might not be able to survive

2081
01:33:10.080 --> 01:33:11.600
The crushing forces of that speed

2082
01:33:11.600 --> 01:33:13.360
But a robot could

2083
01:33:13.360 --> 01:33:14.640
My personal attitude is

2084
01:33:14.640 --> 01:33:17.200
That we should eventually merge with them

2085
01:33:17.200 --> 01:33:18.080
Merge with the robots

2086
01:33:18.080 --> 01:33:18.880
That's right

2087
01:33:18.960 --> 01:33:21.120
That's my personal feeling

2088
01:33:21.120 --> 01:33:22.960
Because people talk about whether they're good

2089
01:33:22.960 --> 01:33:23.920
Whether they're bad

2090
01:33:23.920 --> 01:33:25.280
Or so on and so forth

2091
01:33:25.280 --> 01:33:26.320
Well the bottom line is

2092
01:33:26.320 --> 01:33:28.240
They're going to become more powerful

2093
01:33:28.240 --> 01:33:29.280
And not now

2094
01:33:29.280 --> 01:33:31.840
But who knows maybe in the next century

2095
01:33:31.840 --> 01:33:34.800
They'll begin to make reasonable choices

2096
01:33:34.800 --> 01:33:36.000
They'll reason

2097
01:33:36.000 --> 01:33:38.240
They'll plot future histories

2098
01:33:38.240 --> 01:33:39.040
And at that point

2099
01:33:39.040 --> 01:33:41.440
They could be potentially dangerous

2100
01:33:41.440 --> 01:33:43.520
So what do we do

2101
01:33:43.520 --> 01:33:45.920
Either we become super powerful

2102
01:33:45.920 --> 01:33:47.600
And meet the challenge

2103
01:33:47.600 --> 01:33:49.120
Or we merge with them

2104
01:33:49.120 --> 01:33:51.440
When you say merge with them

2105
01:33:51.440 --> 01:33:52.640
What do you mean

2106
01:33:52.640 --> 01:33:53.440
Become like that

2107
01:33:53.440 --> 01:33:54.880
Become part robotic herself

2108
01:33:54.880 --> 01:33:56.240
Become superhuman

2109
01:33:56.240 --> 01:33:58.080
As in when we're born as kids

2110
01:33:58.080 --> 01:33:59.440
Maybe we have an implant

2111
01:33:59.440 --> 01:34:01.040
And it makes us tense us into a robot

2112
01:34:01.040 --> 01:34:01.600
Or

2113
01:34:01.600 --> 01:34:02.560
Yeah in other words

2114
01:34:02.560 --> 01:34:04.560
We are still

2115
01:34:04.560 --> 01:34:06.160
Looking the same

2116
01:34:06.160 --> 01:34:08.320
Except we have superhuman abilities

2117
01:34:08.320 --> 01:34:10.160
And our brain is connected either

2118
01:34:10.160 --> 01:34:12.240
Directly or by remote control

2119
01:34:12.240 --> 01:34:14.080
To a central nervous system

2120
01:34:14.080 --> 01:34:16.000
That does the calculations

2121
01:34:16.000 --> 01:34:17.760
And perform these calculations

2122
01:34:17.760 --> 01:34:18.960
Much better than we can

2123
01:34:19.920 --> 01:34:22.560
And we become superhuman

2124
01:34:22.560 --> 01:34:24.080
This is the video I'm talking about

2125
01:34:24.080 --> 01:34:25.840
This is actually a live video

2126
01:34:25.840 --> 01:34:28.320
So this is live as we're watching

2127
01:34:28.320 --> 01:34:30.480
What they've got is they've got a human being

2128
01:34:30.480 --> 01:34:31.360
Here

2129
01:34:31.360 --> 01:34:32.880
Who's sorting the packages

2130
01:34:32.880 --> 01:34:33.680
And they've got

2131
01:34:33.680 --> 01:34:35.760
They've got the humanoid robot

2132
01:34:35.760 --> 01:34:36.800
Here

2133
01:34:36.800 --> 01:34:38.640
And they're just counting

2134
01:34:38.640 --> 01:34:40.560
How many packages each of them can sort

2135
01:34:41.440 --> 01:34:43.120
And this robot has been doing this

2136
01:34:43.120 --> 01:34:44.480
For four days straight

2137
01:34:44.480 --> 01:34:44.880
Yeah

2138
01:34:46.000 --> 01:34:47.360
Anyway, you play this forward

2139
01:34:48.160 --> 01:34:49.280
And it asks a big question

2140
01:34:49.280 --> 01:34:51.360
About the future of humanity

2141
01:34:51.360 --> 01:34:53.040
When there's humanoid robots there

2142
01:34:53.040 --> 01:34:54.560
I think menial jobs

2143
01:34:55.200 --> 01:34:56.720
Will go out the window

2144
01:34:57.040 --> 01:34:57.760
Like this

2145
01:34:57.760 --> 01:34:59.280
Jobs that are repetitive

2146
01:34:59.280 --> 01:35:02.320
Jobs that just require your arms and legs

2147
01:35:02.320 --> 01:35:04.240
Those jobs will be gradually phased out

2148
01:35:05.120 --> 01:35:06.880
And new jobs will open up

2149
01:35:08.160 --> 01:35:10.320
New jobs that require thinking

2150
01:35:10.320 --> 01:35:11.920
Human relations

2151
01:35:11.920 --> 01:35:12.960
Organizing

2152
01:35:12.960 --> 01:35:14.480
Directing other people

2153
01:35:14.480 --> 01:35:16.480
Robots can't do any of that stuff

2154
01:35:16.480 --> 01:35:18.640
Robots simply do what they're told to do

2155
01:35:18.640 --> 01:35:20.000
Repetitively

2156
01:35:20.000 --> 01:35:21.040
Okay

2157
01:35:21.040 --> 01:35:22.720
We make decisions

2158
01:35:22.720 --> 01:35:25.440
We know how to interface with other things

2159
01:35:25.440 --> 01:35:26.240
We plot

2160
01:35:26.240 --> 01:35:27.280
We plan

2161
01:35:27.280 --> 01:35:28.720
Robots can't do that

2162
01:35:28.720 --> 01:35:30.400
Now that is mean they can't eventually

2163
01:35:31.120 --> 01:35:32.640
But it just means that the next step

2164
01:35:32.640 --> 01:35:33.120
Beyond this

2165
01:35:33.920 --> 01:35:36.320
Will be robots that can do a little bit of mental work

2166
01:35:37.120 --> 01:35:40.080
And it means that we have to retrain the workforce

2167
01:35:40.080 --> 01:35:41.360
So that they can become

2168
01:35:42.320 --> 01:35:43.600
Masters of the robots

2169
01:35:44.480 --> 01:35:46.960
In other words, we are masters of tools

2170
01:35:46.960 --> 01:35:48.720
Hammeres, saws, whatever

2171
01:35:48.720 --> 01:35:49.760
We're the master of them

2172
01:35:49.760 --> 01:35:51.280
They're not the master of us

2173
01:35:51.280 --> 01:35:52.160
Okay

2174
01:35:52.160 --> 01:35:55.280
We tell the hammer and the chisel

2175
01:35:55.280 --> 01:35:56.880
What to do because we

2176
01:35:56.880 --> 01:35:58.160
Blowered over them

2177
01:35:58.160 --> 01:36:00.320
Have you used AI agents before?

2178
01:36:00.320 --> 01:36:01.360
I used AI before

2179
01:36:01.360 --> 01:36:02.240
But not necessarily

2180
01:36:02.240 --> 01:36:03.760
Which agent are you talking about?

2181
01:36:03.760 --> 01:36:04.880
So I've got like on my phone

2182
01:36:04.880 --> 01:36:05.840
I can say

2183
01:36:05.840 --> 01:36:09.120
I need a new umbrella for my patio outside my house

2184
01:36:09.120 --> 01:36:09.440
Yeah

2185
01:36:09.440 --> 01:36:10.560
And it'll go on the internet

2186
01:36:10.560 --> 01:36:11.360
Look at the prices

2187
01:36:11.360 --> 01:36:12.160
Or look at everything

2188
01:36:12.400 --> 01:36:14.640
Yeah, well I can just type on the computer screen

2189
01:36:14.640 --> 01:36:15.200
A question

2190
01:36:16.240 --> 01:36:18.640
And the computer will come up with an answer

2191
01:36:18.640 --> 01:36:20.560
But you were talking about planning there

2192
01:36:20.560 --> 01:36:23.360
So I was saying that the agent basically makes a plan

2193
01:36:23.360 --> 01:36:24.560
And then it spends a couple of

2194
01:36:24.560 --> 01:36:27.120
It could spend an hour executing that plan

2195
01:36:27.120 --> 01:36:28.880
Oh you mean not just coming up with the plan

2196
01:36:28.880 --> 01:36:30.640
But actually executing the plan

2197
01:36:30.640 --> 01:36:31.280
It can do both

2198
01:36:31.280 --> 01:36:32.640
But I'm just saying you were talking about how

2199
01:36:33.440 --> 01:36:34.720
Humans have this

2200
01:36:34.720 --> 01:36:35.760
You know

2201
01:36:35.760 --> 01:36:37.200
This ability to make decisions

2202
01:36:37.200 --> 01:36:39.360
I'm saying that the AI agent is making decisions

2203
01:36:39.360 --> 01:36:40.480
Like a human would

2204
01:36:40.560 --> 01:36:42.240
No, you tell them what to do

2205
01:36:42.240 --> 01:36:44.800
The computer is probably programmed

2206
01:36:44.800 --> 01:36:46.400
To look for a reference

2207
01:36:46.400 --> 01:36:47.760
Like in a cyclopedia

2208
01:36:47.760 --> 01:36:48.800
A handbook

2209
01:36:48.800 --> 01:36:49.600
The internet

2210
01:36:49.600 --> 01:36:51.920
In other words, if you say I want to know the best car

2211
01:36:52.720 --> 01:36:53.760
It'll carry that out

2212
01:36:54.480 --> 01:36:56.240
By looking at the internet

2213
01:36:56.240 --> 01:36:58.000
Going through different cars

2214
01:36:58.000 --> 01:37:00.080
It doesn't need you to tell that

2215
01:37:00.080 --> 01:37:03.200
But if you were to ask something more complicated

2216
01:37:03.200 --> 01:37:05.200
Go to the supermarket and buy these amigs

2217
01:37:05.840 --> 01:37:07.360
No robot can do that

2218
01:37:07.360 --> 01:37:08.240
Have you been to LA?

2219
01:37:08.240 --> 01:37:09.120
Because if you're in LA

2220
01:37:09.200 --> 01:37:10.320
There's all these robots

2221
01:37:10.320 --> 01:37:11.360
Strolling around the streets

2222
01:37:11.360 --> 01:37:12.000
Delivering food

2223
01:37:12.800 --> 01:37:14.160
They deliver food in LA

2224
01:37:14.160 --> 01:37:16.800
Oh yeah, but that's just crawling on a sidewalk

2225
01:37:16.800 --> 01:37:18.000
That's what humans do

2226
01:37:18.000 --> 01:37:19.600
I thought you meant driving a car

2227
01:37:20.160 --> 01:37:22.400
Driving a car and going up the stairs

2228
01:37:22.400 --> 01:37:23.120
And whatever

2229
01:37:23.120 --> 01:37:25.120
That's just going on a sidewalk

2230
01:37:25.120 --> 01:37:26.080
Which is what a human does

2231
01:37:27.840 --> 01:37:29.280
Yeah, but humans can do a lot more

2232
01:37:30.720 --> 01:37:31.840
Thank you so much doctor

2233
01:37:31.840 --> 01:37:32.720
I appreciate your time today

2234
01:37:32.720 --> 01:37:34.240
And I've learnt so much about

2235
01:37:34.240 --> 01:37:35.520
All of these fascinating things

2236
01:37:35.520 --> 01:37:37.200
And as always when I listen to your content

2237
01:37:37.200 --> 01:37:39.600
I find myself more curious about the nature of reality

2238
01:37:40.320 --> 01:37:41.760
And I realize how little we know

2239
01:37:42.560 --> 01:37:45.600
Which makes me and I guess thousands of other people that have followed your work

2240
01:37:45.600 --> 01:37:46.960
Girls going through your videos early on

2241
01:37:46.960 --> 01:37:48.480
And so many of the top comments are

2242
01:37:49.120 --> 01:37:51.040
People saying that you're the reason they

2243
01:37:51.760 --> 01:37:53.920
Worked harder in their physics classes

2244
01:37:53.920 --> 01:37:54.640
All right

2245
01:37:54.640 --> 01:37:57.040
Yeah, I was on there a couple of the podcasts that you've been on

2246
01:37:57.040 --> 01:37:58.560
And so many of the top comments say exactly that

2247
01:37:58.560 --> 01:38:00.400
They say you're the reason I worked harder

2248
01:38:00.400 --> 01:38:01.840
You're the person that made me more curious

2249
01:38:01.840 --> 01:38:03.280
And I just think that's such a wonderful thing

2250
01:38:03.280 --> 01:38:04.560
Because as you said at the start

2251
01:38:04.560 --> 01:38:06.240
Physics is the basis of everything

2252
01:38:06.240 --> 01:38:07.040
Yeah

2253
01:38:07.120 --> 01:38:11.200
And the more we understand the better the lives we could live

2254
01:38:11.200 --> 01:38:11.600
Right

2255
01:38:11.600 --> 01:38:12.880
Yeah, I can't believe

2256
01:38:12.880 --> 01:38:13.680
Thank you so much

2257
01:38:14.480 --> 01:38:15.840
Okay, well thank you

2258
01:38:37.040 --> 01:38:40.000
You